Finite Element and Applied Models of the Stem with Spike Deformation

Abstract

This article examines the static and dynamic deformation of the stem of an ear of wheat and of the individual grain. The purpose of the article is to determine the factors of influence on the ear of wheat to isolate the grain. Two stages of grain ripening are considered: in the early stage, the grain is attached to the spike by the stem; in the second, there is no stem, and the grain is attached to the ear by the scales. The ear fluctuations are considered within the Euler–Bernoulli bar theory. The developed model divides the study of the dynamics of the stem of an ear and the dynamics of the grain into two stages. The first stage studies the dynamics of the plant as a whole, while the second stage studies the dynamics of an individual grain in a moving system associated with the ear in bending and vertical fluctuation forms. The model of the ear and the grain fluctuation uses the mechanical characteristics of elastic bonds and elastic bodies, which are determined by spring stiffness, elastic moduli, etc. The results show that in the vertical forms of grain fluctuation, the frequency of fluctuation is much higher than in the bending ones. This article presents the natural fluctuation frequencies of grain at full ripeness and in the early phases of maturation, at which point it is released from the ear.

Improving the Fuel Economy and Energy Efficiency of Train Cab Climate Systems, Considering Air Recirculation Modes

“…The optimization of configurations and operating modes of heating and ventilation systems of vehicles can reduce fuel consumption in internal combustion engines, reduce energy consumption, and extend the service life of electric vehicle batteries. In addition, the creation of a comfortable microclimate maintains optimal performance, the concentration of drivers, and conditions for the rest of transport passengers in [1][2][3][4][5].…”

Control del mallado con FEM para caracterizar una junta mecánica en aplicaciones de investigación y prototipaje

“…En la mayor cantidad de los estudios realizado con los simuladores FEM, se han encontrado parámetros físicos como lo es la deformación y las tensiones, que se observan en [23], tomando en consideración aplicaciones específicas como las estructuras identificadas por [24], partes del cuerpo humano, pies, tobillos, cadera, huesos, entre otros, como parte de los conceptos para la aplicación de las simulaciones [25]. Por lo mencionado se toma como una herramienta fundamental para el análisis de especímenes con aplicación en ingeniería.…”

Modeling of Flow Heat Transfer Processes and Aerodynamics in the Cabins of Vehicles

“…The factors that provide a comfortable microclimate and the theoretical foundations for modeling the microclimate in cabins based on the balance equations of heat flows are given in [1][2][3]. Heat transfer through the wall is modeled as convective heat exchange with the environment, which is characterized by heat transfer coefficients to the environment and the thermal conductivity of the wall [4][5][6][7][8][9][10].…”

“…Heat transfer through the wall is modeled as convective heat exchange with the environment, which is characterized by heat transfer coefficients to the environment and the thermal conductivity of the wall [4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. The factors that provide a comfortable microclimate and the theoretical foundations for modeling the microclimate in cabins based on the balance equations of heat flows are given in [1][2][3]. Heat transfer through the wall is modeled as convective heat exchange with the environment, which is characterized by heat transfer coefficients to the environment and the thermal conductivity of the wall [4][5][6][7][8][9][10].…”

“…The values of the heat transfer coefficients are found from the Nusselt number, which in turn depends on the nature of the medium flow in the near-wall regions. In practice, the applied formulas of Jürgens, Raman, and Frank [1][2][3] have become widely used.…”