Fire severity and soil erosion susceptibility mapping using multi-temporal Earth Observation data: The case of Mati fatal wildfire in Eastern Attica, Greece

A framework for complex climate change risk assessment

“…33,96,97 Low water levels in rivers led to restrictions for shipping, nuclear power plants were shut down because of insufficient water for cooling, and railway lines buckled under the heat. 98 Crop yield reductions of up to 50% were reported from Central and Northern Europe alongside losses in the livestock sectors. 33,99 A category 1 assessment of this case concentrates on a subset of interactions for a single risk.…”

“…For example, risk to transport can be described as the interaction of extreme heat (hazard), thermal tolerance of rail infrastructure (vulnerability), the length of time rail infrastructure experienced prolonged heat conditions (exposure), and how low water levels due to drought resulted in restrictions imposed on shipping, an alternative transport mode to rail (response). 98 Category 1 assessments like this could be conducted for each of the domains of value, such as tourism, electricity generation, or agricultural production.…”

“…For example, the interacting drivers of strong winds, drought, and extreme heat led to severe wildfires that resulted in extensive damage to infrastructure and extended over popular tourist areas, claiming more than 100 lives in the Attica region of Greece. 98 The risk to infrastructure from wildfire was further compounded by ecological responses to the early spring, where increased vegetation growth contributed to faster than normal soil moisture depletion, 100,101 interacting with human responses, including spatial planning and inadequate coordination of evacuation and firefighting measures. 98 In addition to risk to infrastructure from wildfire, vulnerability of infrastructure was determined by the dependency of both energy and transport on available water for electricity generation and shipping, while transport infrastructure was further vulnerable to extreme heat.…”

“…98 The risk to infrastructure from wildfire was further compounded by ecological responses to the early spring, where increased vegetation growth contributed to faster than normal soil moisture depletion, 100,101 interacting with human responses, including spatial planning and inadequate coordination of evacuation and firefighting measures. 98 In addition to risk to infrastructure from wildfire, vulnerability of infrastructure was determined by the dependency of both energy and transport on available water for electricity generation and shipping, while transport infrastructure was further vulnerable to extreme heat. 98 Similar category 2 assessments could be undertaken for multiple other sectors, such as agricultural productivity, food security, or food prices.…”

Remote and Proximal Sensing-Derived Spectral Indices and Biophysical Variables for Spatial Variation Determination in Vineyards

“…Though, NDVI is sensitive to the effects of soil brightness and cloud or canopy shadow. The result of NDVI calculation is an image with a continuum of pixel values that range from −1 to 1, where, in general terms, negative values correspond to non-vegetated surfaces, while positive values correspond to vegetated ones, and where higher values are related to healthy photosynthetic vegetation, while lower values, especially those <0.2, are related to stressed vegetation or bare soil [21,60]. Considering that the NIR band 8 of S2 has a different wavelength range from the NIR band that is available from the CC sensor, the S2-NDVI was calculated by using the spectral band 6, which represents reflectance from radiation at 740 nm, very close to the recorded wavelength of the CC NIR band (730 nm).…”