First dye identification analyses conducted on textiles from Old Dongola (Sudan, 17th–18th centuries CE)

Abstract

The Middle Nile Valley offers exceptional environmental conditions which allow the preservation of organic materials, including textiles. This paper presents the results of the analysis of seventeen samples collected from wool, cotton and silk textiles excavated in the ancient capital of Old Dongola, from layers dated to the 17th and 18th centuries CE. Chemical analysis using High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (HPLC‐MS/MS) have identified both plant and animal dyes. Locally produced textiles, mostly from wool and, decorated with blue, green, orange and yellow hues, were dyed with woad (Isatis tinctoria), flavonoid plants, and madder‐type roots, which were already known and used by medieval dyers in that area. For the first time, kermes (Kermes vermilio) and lac‐dye (Kerria species) have been also identified as a dye source in samples from this group. Iimported fabrics, of cotton and silk, were dyed blue with woad (Isatis tinctoria) but also with indigo (Indigofera tinctoria); dyer’s broom (Genista tinctoria) and kermes (Kermes vermillio) were other dyes identified in this second group. The results of this study provide the first dye identification for textiles produced in the 17th‐18th c. Sudan and contribute new data to the research on textile production and trade in post‐medieval Sudan.