First-mover Advantage Explains Gender Disparities in Physics Citations

Kong, Hyunsik; Martin-Gutierrez, Samuel; Karimi, Fariba

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-957696/v1

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 48 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…Exploring the impact of network growth interventions in real-world systems can inform how to improve the visibility of a minority therein. Here, we consider the example of scientific collaborations in works published by the American Physical Society (APS), a setting in which female scientists are historically under-represented 34 . We construct a temporally growing co-authorship network of one generation by linking authors that collaborated on a paper published in one of the APS journals between 1940 and 1970.…”

Section: Network Interventions In Real Collaboration Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We consider the attribute gender, whereas women form the numerical minority. We acknowledge that the notion of gender is fluid and non-binary, and here we only consider gender as a binary attribute in terms of social perception of names 34 . A full description of the data set and the used methodologies can be found in the SI.…”

Section: Network Interventions In Real Collaboration Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improving the visibility of minorities through network growth interventions

Neuhäuser¹,

Karimi²,

Bachmann³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Improving the position of minorities in networks via interventions is a challenge of high theoretical and societal importance. In this work, we examine how different network growth interventions impact the position of minority nodes in degree rankings over time. We distinguish between two kinds of interventions: (i) group size interventions, such as introducing quotas, that regulate the ratio of incoming minority and majority nodes; and (ii) behavioural interventions, such as homophily, i.e. varying how groups interact and connect to each other. We find that even extreme group size interventions do not have a strong effect on the position of minorities in rankings if certain behavioural changes do not manifest at the same time. For example, minority representation in rankings is not increased by high quotas if the actors in the network do not adopt homophilic behaviour. As a result, a key finding of our research is that in order for the visibility of minorities to improve, group size and behavioural interventions need to be coordinated. Moreover, their potential benefit is highly dependent on pre-intervention conditions in social networks. In a real-world case study, we explore the effectiveness of interventions to reach gender parity in academia. Our work lays a theoretical and computational foundation for further studies aiming to explore the effectiveness of interventions in growing networks.

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Section: Network Interventions In Real Collaboration Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Network Interventions In Real Collaboration Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the visibility of minorities through network growth interventions

Neuhäuser¹,

Karimi²,

Bachmann³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The many facets of academic mobility and its impact on scholars' career

Momeni

Karimi²,

Mayr³

et al. 2022

Journal of Informetrics

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Inequality and inequity in network-based ranking and recommendation algorithms

Espín-Noboa

Wagner

Strohmaier

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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Though algorithms promise many benefits including efficiency, objectivity and accuracy, they may also introduce or amplify biases. Here we study two well-known algorithms, namely PageRank and Who-to-Follow (WTF), and show to what extent their ranks produce inequality and inequity when applied to directed social networks. To this end, we propose a directed network model with preferential attachment and homophily (DPAH) and demonstrate the influence of network structure on the rank distributions of these algorithms. Our main findings suggest that (i) inequality is positively correlated with inequity, (ii) inequality is driven by the interplay between preferential attachment, homophily, node activity and edge density, and (iii) inequity is driven by the interplay between homophily and minority size. In particular, these two algorithms reduce, replicate and amplify the representation of minorities in top ranks when majorities are homophilic, neutral and heterophilic, respectively. Moreover, when this representation is reduced, minorities may improve their visibility in the rank by connecting strategically in the network. For instance, by increasing their out-degree or homophily when majorities are also homophilic. These findings shed light on the social and algorithmic mechanisms that hinder equality and equity in network-based ranking and recommendation algorithms.

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First-mover Advantage Explains Gender Disparities in Physics Citations

Cited by 3 publications

References 48 publications

Improving the visibility of minorities through network growth interventions

Improving the visibility of minorities through network growth interventions

The many facets of academic mobility and its impact on scholars' career

Inequality and inequity in network-based ranking and recommendation algorithms

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