First national tuberculin survey in Viet Nam: characteristics and association with tuberculosis prevalence

Hoa, N. B.; Cobelens, Frank; Sy, Dinh Ngoc; Nhung, Nguyen Viet; Borgdorff, Martien W.; Tiemersma, Edine

doi:10.5588/ijtld.12.0200

Cited by 21 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…Although quality data on active tuberculosis (TB) in children under the age of 5 years are limited, paediatric cases indicate continuing high levels of transmission. 3,6,7 Recent tuberculin surveys in highprevalence countries estimate annual risks of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection of 0•3-2•2%, [8][9][10][11][12] but exceeding five per cent in some parts of southern Africa. 13,14 Test reversions (negative tests in people who previously had a positive test) mean such cross sectional surveys may underestimate transmission.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in high burden settings

Yates

Khan

Knight

et al. 2016

The Lancet Infectious Diseases

167

144

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Unacceptable levels of Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission are noted in high burden settings and a renewed focus on reducing person-to-person transmission in these communities is needed. We review recent developments in the understanding of airborne transmission. We outline approaches to measure transmission in populations and trials and describe the Wells-Riley equation, which is used to estimate transmission risk in indoor spaces. Present research priorities include the identification of effective strategies for tuberculosis infection control, improved understanding of where transmission occurs and the transmissibility of drug-resistant strains, and estimates of the effect of HIV and antiretroviral therapy on transmission dynamics. When research is planned and interventions are designed to interrupt transmission, resource constraints that are common in high burden settings-including shortages of health-care workers-must be considered.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in high burden settings

Yates

Khan

Knight

et al. 2016

The Lancet Infectious Diseases

167

144

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“…Molecular epidemiology, mathematical modelling studies, and studies in which all the components of the population-attributable fraction formula were not extractable are included in table 1, but not included here in this figure. The systematic review on tuberculin surveys includes ten studies [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] but is represented as a pooled value herein, as presented in Martinez and colleagues. 18 We also include two data points for Khan and colleagues, 16 2018.…”

Section: Search Strategy and Selection Criteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Paediatric tuberculosis transmission outside the household: challenging historical paradigms to inform future public health strategies

Martínez

Cords

et al. 2019

The Lancet Respiratory Medicine

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Tuberculosis is a major cause of death and disability among children globally, yet children have been neglected in global tuberculosis control efforts. Historically, tuberculosis in children has been thought of as a family disease, and because of this, household contact tracing of children after identification of an adult tuberculosis case has been emphasised as the principal public health intervention. However, the population-level effect of household contact tracing is predicated on the assumption that most paediatric tuberculosis infections are acquired within the household. In this Personal View, we focus on accumulating scientific evidence indicating that the majority of

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“…In sub-Saharan Africa, 60% of the population still lives in rural areas [7]. Despite being less densely populated, TB prevalence in rural areas generally rivals that in large cities, perhaps in part because of poverty, malnutrition, and poor access to care [8–10]. Furthermore, the characteristics of TB transmission and contact tracing in rural and urban areas may differ in important ways.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contact tracing versus facility-based screening for active TB case finding in rural South Africa: A pragmatic cluster-randomized trial (Kharitode TB)

et al. 2019

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Background There is a dearth of comparative effectiveness research examining the implementation of different strategies for active tuberculosis (TB) case finding, particularly in rural settings, which represent 60% of the population of sub-Saharan Africa. Methods and findings We conducted a pragmatic, cluster-randomized comparative effectiveness trial of two TB case finding strategies (facility-based screening and contact tracing) in 56 public primary care clinics in two largely rural districts of Limpopo Province, South Africa. In the facility-based screening arm, sputum Xpert MTB/RIF was performed on all patients presenting (for any reason) with TB symptoms to 28 study clinics, and no contact tracing was performed. In the contact-tracing arm, contacts of patients with active TB were identified (via household tracing in 14 clinics and using small monetary incentives in the other 14 clinics), screened for TB symptoms, and offered Xpert MTB/RIF testing. The primary outcome was the number of newly identified patients with TB started on treatment. The analysis used multivariable Poisson regression adjusted for historical clinic-level TB case volumes and district. The trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02808507). From July 18, 2017, to January 17, 2019, a total of 3,755 individuals started TB treatment across 56 study clinics in the 18-month period. Clinic characteristics and clinic-level averages of patient characteristics were similar across the two arms: 40/56 (71%) clinics were in a rural location, 2,136/3,655 (58%) patients were male, and 2,243 (61%) were HIV positive. The treatment initiation ratio comparing the yield of TB patients started on treatment in the facility-based arm compared to that from the contact-tracing arm was 1.04 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.83–1.30, p = 0. 73). In the contact-tracing arm, 1,677 contacts of 788 new TB index patients were screened, yielding 12 new patients with TB. Prespecified subgroup analyses resulted in similar results, with estimated treatment initiation ratios of 0.96 (95% CI 0.64–1.27; p = 0.78) and 1.23 (95% CI 0.87–1.59; p = 0.29) among historically smaller and historically larger clinics, respectively. This ratio was 1.02 (95% CI 0.66–1.37; p = 0.93) and 1.08 (95% CI 0.74–1.42; p = 0.68) in the Vhembe and Waterberg districts, respectively. The estimated treatment initiation ratio was unchanged in sensitivity analyses excluding 24 records whose TB registration numbers could not be verified (1.03, 95% CI 0.82–1.29; p = 0.78) and excluding transfers-in (1.02, 95% CI 0.80–1.29; p = 0.71). Study limitations include the possibility of imbalance on cluster size owing to changes in catchment population over time and the inability to distinguish the independent effects of the two contact investigation strategies. ...

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First national tuberculin survey in Viet Nam: characteristics and association with tuberculosis prevalence

Abstract: The estimated nationwide ARTI was 1.7%. TST positivity was associated with the presence of a TB case in the household.

Cited by 21 publications

References 0 publications

The transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in high burden settings

The transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in high burden settings

Paediatric tuberculosis transmission outside the household: challenging historical paradigms to inform future public health strategies

Contact tracing versus facility-based screening for active TB case finding in rural South Africa: A pragmatic cluster-randomized trial (Kharitode TB)

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