First Report from the Asian Rotavirus Surveillance Network

Bresee, Joseph S.; Fang, Zhao-Yin; Wang, Bei; Nelson, E. A. S.; Tam, John S.; Soenarto, Yati; Wilopo, Siswanto Agus; Kilgore, Paul E.; Kim, Jung Soo; Kang, Jung Oak; Lan, Wong Swee; Gaik, Chan Lee; Moe, Kyaw Kyaw; Chen, Kow-Tong; Jiraphongsa, Chuleeporn; Pongsuwanna, Yaowapa; Man, Nguyen Van; Tú, Phan Văn; Luan, Le Thi; Hummelman, Erik; Gentsch, Jon R.; Glass, Roger I.

doi:10.3201/eid1006.030519

Cited by 154 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…RoV is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis world wide, the incidence of RoV gastroenteritis being higher than of Norovirus gastroenteritis (2,13). Studies in Asia have demonstrated RoV in 45%-66.7% of diarrheal cases (11,14,15).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotypes of rotavirus associated with acute gastroenteritis in Seoul, Korea

Park

Lee

et al. 2011

Microbiology and Immunology

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Acute viral gastroenteritis is one of the most common infectious diseases in infants and young children. Rotavirus is mainly important in childhood. The present study determined the detection rate, seasonality and G and P genotypes of rotaviruses in children hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis in Seoul, Korea in 2009. A total of 1,423 stool specimens were screened by ELISA for the presence of rotavirus antigens and the rotavirus-positive stools genotyped by RT-PCR. The G genotype was determined for 90% of samples (242/269) and the P genotype for 93.3% (251/269). During the study, 25 G-P combinations were detected with G1P[8] in 38.3% (n = 103) and G4P[6] in 5.9% (n = 16) cases. These data provided information on rotavirus in patients with acute gastroenteritis in Seoul, Korea and provided baseline data to motivate for the implementation of control measures for rotavirus disease. Key words gastroenteritis, G and P types, rotavirus.Rotaviruses are recognized as the major etiological agents among infants and young children, and are the leading cause of life-threatening diarrhoeal disease in many countries (1,2,3). The virus is a member of the family Reoviridae and its genome is composed of 11 segments of double-stranded RNA that encode for the six structural proteins that make up the virus particles (viral proteins [VPs]) and six nonstructural proteins (NSPs) (3). The outer capsid is composed of two proteins, glycoprotein VP7 and protease-sensitive VP4 that confer protective immunity (4). Thus, VP7 and VP4 are used to classify RoVs (3). Semi-nested PCR, based on type-specific primers, is used to determine G and P genotypes. As VP7 and VP4 genes can and do segregate independently, a dual typing system is necessary in order to characterize the strains of RoVs co-circulating during different seasons in different locations (4). It is generally accepted that at least 23 G types [4] and 32 P types (5) are known. Among them, G1-4 are common human genotypes, though increase in prevalence of G12 and G9 strains have been reported worldwide (6). Epidemiological studies have shown that four G (G1-G4) and three P (P[4], P [6], and P[8]) are the most frequent VP7 and VP4 types (7). The distribution of different G and P genotypes and RoV strains varies from country and area to area and, therefore, knowledge of the molecular epidemiology of RoVs in circulation is important in the effort to develop a suitable and efficacious vaccine (7). The aims of this study were to investigate the detection rate of RoV infections and the prevalence of the G and P genotypes of RoV strains detected in children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in Seoul, Korea in 2009.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotypes of rotavirus associated with acute gastroenteritis in Seoul, Korea

Park

Lee

et al. 2011

Microbiology and Immunology

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“…Rotavirus is transmitted primarily via the fecal-oral route, and two main seasonal patterns have been described. In temperate regions, incidence tends to peak during winter months (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). In the tropics, incidence exhibits less pronounced seasonal variation (16,21), with year-round incidence and peaks during summer or fall following monsoon rains, as in Bangladesh (22,23).…”

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confidence: 99%

Differential and enhanced response to climate forcing in diarrheal disease due to rotavirus across a megacity of the developing world

Martinez

King

Yunus

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The role of climate forcing in the population dynamics of infectious diseases has typically been revealed via retrospective analyses of incidence records aggregated across space and, in particular, over whole cities. Here, we focus on the transmission dynamics of rotavirus, the main diarrheal disease in infants and young children, within the megacity of Dhaka, Bangladesh. We identify two zones, the densely urbanized core and the more rural periphery, that respond differentially to flooding. Moreover, disease seasonality differs substantially between these regions, spanning variation comparable to the variation from tropical to temperate regions. By combining process-based models with an extensive disease surveillance record, we show that the response to climate forcing is mainly seasonal in the core, where a more endemic transmission resulting from an asymptomatic reservoir facilitates the response to the monsoons. The force of infection in this monsoon peak can be an order of magnitude larger than the force of infection in the more epidemic periphery, which exhibits little or no postmonsoon outbreak in a pattern typical of nearby rural areas. A typically smaller peak during the monsoon season nevertheless shows sensitivity to interannual variability in flooding. High human density in the core is one explanation for enhanced transmission during troughs and an associated seasonal monsoon response in this diarrheal disease, which unlike cholera, has not been widely viewed as climate-sensitive. Spatial demographic, socioeconomic, and environmental heterogeneity can create reservoirs of infection and enhance the sensitivity of disease systems to climate forcing, especially in the populated cities of the developing world.M any infectious diseases, especially those infectious diseases that are water-borne and vector-borne, have been shown to exhibit significant interannual variability in the size of seasonal outbreaks (e.g., 1-6). Identification of climate factors shaping interannual and seasonal variability is prerequisite to an understanding of the basic transmission biology of these environmentally driven diseases, and of their response to climate change. The impact of climate factors on the population dynamics of infectious diseases has typically been addressed at large spatial scales by aggregating surveillance data over whole countries, regions, and cities (e.g., 3, 4, 6-8). Global climate drivers, such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), are expected to operate over large spatial scales, synchronizing fluctuations of disease incidence across space [i.e., the Moran effect in population dynamics (9, 10)]. A recent study has shown, however, that the spatiotemporal dynamics of cholera in Dhaka, Bangladesh, are not homogeneous at intraurban scales (11). Two regions or clusters were identified, corresponding, respectively, to the highly populated core and the more rural periphery. The urban core was shown to be more climatesensitive, acting to propagate climate perturbations in cholera infection risk to the r...

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“…The prevalence of RV-associated diarrhea of 25.6% (75/293) was similar to that reported in Brazil 35,36 and in other countries. 37,38 PAGE is an important tool to understand the epidemiology of RV and it was chosen as the gold standard test due to its specificity and practicability and also, because it detects non-A RV. [39][40][41] However, its use as screening test is not recommended due to the need for technical training for its implementation and longer time of execution.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rotavirus infection in a tertiary hospital: laboratory diagnosis and impact of immunization on pediatric hospitalization

Pereira¹,

Raboni²,

Nogueira³

et al. 2011

Braz J Infect Dis

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Background and objectives: Rotavirus (RV) is the main etiological agent of diarrhea in childhood; its laboratory diagnosis is crucial to guide the clinical management and prevention of its spread. RV immunization was introduced in Brazilian 6-month-old children in 2006. The present study was aimed to evaluate three methodologies used for human RV detection in stool samples obtained from patients hospitalized due to gastroenteritis in a teaching hospital and report the impact of RV immunization in hospitalization by diarrhea. Methods: 293 stool samples collected in the 2001-2008 period were analyzed by enzyme immunoassay (EIA), latex agglutination (LA) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Results: Rotavirus was detected in 34.8% of samples by LA assay, 28.3% of samples by EIA assay and in 25.6% of samples by PAGE assay. Considering the PAGE method as gold standard, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of EIA were 94.6%, 94.4% and 94.5%, and to LA were 82.6%, 81.6% and 81.9%, respectively. Conclusions: These results indicate that antigen detection by EIA is a rapid, sensitive and specific method, and could be used in large-scale applications for screening stool samples suspected of RV infection. This study showed decreased incidence of RV infection in hospitalized children prior to the implementation of the national immunization program against RV.

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First Report from the Asian Rotavirus Surveillance Network

Cited by 154 publications

References 24 publications

Genotypes of rotavirus associated with acute gastroenteritis in Seoul, Korea

Genotypes of rotavirus associated with acute gastroenteritis in Seoul, Korea

Differential and enhanced response to climate forcing in diarrheal disease due to rotavirus across a megacity of the developing world

Rotavirus infection in a tertiary hospital: laboratory diagnosis and impact of immunization on pediatric hospitalization

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