First Report of Argulus Ectoparasite from Koto Panjang Reservoir, Indonesia

Abstract

Carp cultivation has been going on for a long time in the Koto Panjang Reservoir and the type of Argulus ectoparasite in this fish culture has not been reported. This initial research study aims to identify the morphology and characterize the DNA of the Argulus species in this reservoir. This research can be used as initial information material for the management of aquaculture fish health and early warning against water quality degradation. Argulus surveys were carried out on carp parent cages with coordinate positions 0°16′46.7” North and 100°51”26.2” East. Argulus specimens were collected from live and dead carp bodies (body surface, gills, operculum, caudal fin, pectoral fin, anal fin, pelvic fin, base of tail, and abdomen) using a spatula and stored in 96% ethanol for identification using standard literature and DNA barcoding techniques. The research results obtained 115 specimens of the genus Argulus from 49 live goldfish (2800-4900 mm and 200-1800 g) and 3 goldfish that died ± 3-4 days which were characterized by white gills and white mucus lumps between the scales. DNA characterization revealed that the name of this fish lice species (Argulus) could not be determined and had a close relationship with Argulus japonicus Shizuoka-2019 with an identity value of 79.22%.

Complete Mitogenome sequencing of the fish louse Argulus japonicus (Crustacea: Branchiura): Comparative analyses and phylogenetic implications

“…Further, some genes were found to overlap with each other, and there were a total of 10 overlapping nucleotides observed between genes, as shown in Figure 1 . Interestingly, two 7-bp overlaps were found between atp8 and atp6 and between nad4 and nad4L, respectively, similar to those reported in the mitogenome of the intertidal acorn barnacle Tetraclita serrata ( 11 ). Moreover, eight overlaps ranging from 1 to 2 bp were found to be Argulus -specific in comparison to other crustacean mitogenomes ( 44–49 ).…”

“…The nucleotide sequence of the A. japonicus mitogenome was determined to be 15,045 bp in size ( Figure 1 ). It was composed of 37 genes, including 13 PCGs (1 subunit of cytochrome c-ubiquinol oxidoreductase, cytb; 2 subunits of the adenosine triphosphatase synthase, atp6, and atp8; 3 subunits of cytochrome c oxidase, cox1-3; and 7 subunits of nicotinamide dehydrogenase, nad1-6, and nad4L), 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs) (2 coding for leucine and 2 coding for serine), and 2 ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) (small [rrnS] and large [rrnL] subunits), consistent with those found in other crustaceans for which complete mitogenomes are available ( 11 , 37 , 44–49 ). Twenty-three genes (14 tRNAs and 9 PCGs) were located on the J-strand, and the remaining 14 genes (8 tRNAs, 4 PCGs, and 2 rRNAs) were observed to be located on the N-strand ( Table 1 ).…”

“…It was also noteworthy that there was a closer relationship between species of the families Argulidae (Arguloida) and Armilliferidae (Porocephalida) compared to other crustacean species, and further, A. japonicus and A. americanus were determined to be more closely related to each other than to others within the family Argulidae, consistent with recent nuclear and mt DNA-based phylogenetic conclusions ( 57 , 58 ). Additionally, species from Nectiopoda, Decapoda, Stomatopoda, Diptera, Zygentoma, Notostraca, Brachypoda, and Poduromorpha were individually clustered together as paraphyletic relationships in Crustacea, in accordance with the results of morphological and molecular biology studies ( 11 , 59–63 ). Nevertheless, species from Lithobiomorpha exhibited a poor affinity for species from Balanomorpha and Pollicipedomorpha.…”

“…The available A. japonicus mitogenome provided us with an opportunity to study the phylogenetic relationships of A. japonicus in the family Argulidae and of the family Argulidae within Crustacea. Congruent with previous phylogenetic analyses ( 11 , 44 , 47 , 49 ), phylogenies in this study were inferred from the concatenated amino acid sequence dataset derived from 13 PCGs. As shown in Figure 5 , the identical phylogenetic tree (MP/BI) robustly supported the distinct classification of Porocephalida, Nectiopoda, Decapoda, Stomatopoda, Diptera, Zygentoma, Notostraca, Brachypoda, Poduromorpha, Lithobiomorpha, Balanomorpha, and Pollicipedomorpha within Crustacea, each as a monophyletic group.…”

“…Wafer et al documented the frequent presence of A. japonicus in goldfish (Carassius auratus) from Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, California, Hawaii, Illinois, Maryland, Wisconsin, Washington, and Texas in the United States (10). Furthermore, the occurrence and prevalence of A. japonicus were recently recoded in some Asian countries, including Japan, Indonesia, Turkey, Pakistan, and Iran (7,8,(11)(12)(13). In China, Alsarakibi et al demonstrated a 22.3 ~ 47.8% prevalence of A. japonicus across Chinese rivers, fish farms, and ponds and emphasized the lack of approved drugs for its control in China (6,14).…”