First Report of the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne enterolobii Infecting Acalypha australis in China

Abstract

Copperleaf (Acalypha australis; Euphorbiaceae), widely cultivated in China, is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that is used for clearing heat and detoxifying, astringency and hemostasis (Zhang and Zhang 1994). In September 2021, wild Asian copperleaf plants showed leaf yellowing in a corner outside a greenhouse (22°50′ N; 108°17′ E), Guangxi Province, China. Galls and egg masses were observed on the plant roots on approximately 60% of plants. Females and second-stage juveniles (J2) were dissected and extracted from roots with galls. The perineal pattern of females was dorsal-ventrally oval with low and round dorsal arches, lacking clear lateral lines. Morphological measurements of females (n=20; mean ± standard error) were body length (BL) 697.7 ± 17.3 μm, maximum body width (BW) 521.5 ± 18.3 μm, stylet length 14.8 ± 0.3 μm, and dorsal pharyngeal gland orifice to stylet base (DGO) 5.1 ± 0.2μm. J2s (n = 20) were vermiform, had a slender tail, with a tapering to rounded tip with distinct hyaline region at the tail terminus and had the following morphological measurements: BL 475.5 ± 32.7 μm, BW 16.7 ± 0.6 μm, stylet length 14.4 ± 1.4 μm, DGO 3.9 ± 0.1 μm, hyaline tail length 18.0 ± 0.6 μm, and tail length 50.1 ± 1.2 μm. These morphological characteristics fit the description for Meloidogyne enterolobii (Yang and Eisenback 1983). In order to confirm species identification, genomic DNA was extracted from 12 single J2 (Luo et al. 2020). Species identity was further explored by the rDNA-internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region using primers V5367/26S (Vrain et al. 1992), and the D2–D3 fragment of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene using primers D2A/D3B (De Ley et al. 1999). The sequences for the target genes were 733 bp (GenBank accession no. OM168996) and 734 bp (GenBank accession no. OM177195), respectively. Homologies were 99 to 100% identical with those in GenBank for known sequences of M. enterolobii. Furthermore, species identification was confirmed using PCR to amplify a portion of the rDNA-IGS2 with M. enterolobii-specific primers Me-F/Me-R (Long et al. 2006). Koch’s postulates was tested in a greenhouse at 25 to 28˚C temperature. Eggs were multiplied on tomato in the greenhouse using a single egg mass hand-picked from originally natural infected A. australis roots. Fifteen A. australis seedlings maintained in 14.5-cm diameter and 10-cm high pots containing autoclaved sandy soil (sand/soil = 3:1), one seedling/pot, inoculated with 5,000 eggs/plant, and five noninoculated seedlings were used as controls. After 60 days, all inoculated plants showed galling root symptoms and the control plants displayed no symptoms. The reproduction factor (Rutter et al. 2021) on A. australis was 4.3. Furthermore, the morphological and molecular characterization of the nematode was identical to the original samples. To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. enterolobii infecting Asian copperleaf that is cultivated in 29 provinces/regions of China. The growers should be aware of this nematode and take measures to avoid spread and serious economic losses.

Growth, Physiological, and Biochemical Variations in Tomatoes after Infection with Different Density Levels of Meloidogyne enterolobii

“…Meloidogyne enterolobii used in this study was initially collected from Acalypha australis plants from a greenhouse (22 • 50 ′ N; 108 • 17 ′ E) located in Guangxi Province, China [6]. The identification of the nematode species was accomplished by analyzing perineal patterns and esterase behaviors.…”

“…The observable symptoms occurring above ground level include stunted growth, chlorosis, and wilting [ 5 ]. Conversely, below ground level, notable symptoms manifest as galls on the root system, which may exhibit significant size and abundance [ 6 ]. The yield losses prompted by M. enterolobii may exceed 65% [ 7 ], making it the most destructive species of RKNs.…”

Meloidogyne enterolobii risk to agriculture, its present status and future prospective for management

“…Generally, M. enterolobii effects may include reduced yield quality and quantity ( Abd-Elgawad, 2021 ). Above-ground symptoms include leaf yellowing, wilting, and stunted growth while below-ground symptoms, such as root galls, can be considerable in size and quantity ( Jia et al., 2022 ). Plants infected by M. enterolobii are more vulnerable to secondary plant infections, such as Fusarium solani parasitizing guava after infestation ( Gomes et al., 2014 ).…”

Efficacy of Aspergillus tubingensis GX3′ Fermentation against Meloidogyne enterolobii in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

“…The effects of M. enterolobii may include a decline in yield quality and quantity [ 10 ]. Below-ground symptoms, such as root galls and numerous above-ground signs, include wilting, leaf yellowing, and stunted development [ 11 ]. After infection with M. enterolobii , plants are more susceptible to secondary plant infections, such as Fusarium solani (von Martius, 1842) parasitizing guava [ 12 ].…”