First report on the pharmacokinetics of tramadol and O-desmethyltramadol in exhaled breath compared to plasma and oral fluid after a single oral dose

Meyer, Markus R.; Rosenborg, Staffan; Stenberg, Marta; Beck, Olof

doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2015.09.008

Cited by 42 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Four of the self‐reported drugs (buprenorphine, opiates, cannabis, and benzodiazepines) were detected in low degrees (8%–44%) in EB compared to OF (44%–89%), which highlights some limitations in using EB for drug abuse screening. The differences in detection rates of drugs between OF and EB in this study are consistent with previous studies and further research to optimize the EB sampling technique and analysis are needed . It is difficult to differentiate heroin from morphine or codeine intake with urine.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…The differences in detection rates of drugs between OF and EB in this study are consistent with previous studies and further research to optimize the EB sampling technique and analysis are needed. 30 It is difficult to differentiate heroin from morphine or codeine intake with urine. The heroin metabolite 6acetylmorphine is a specific marker for heroin intake, but its detection time in urine is considered short.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Drug abuse screening with exhaled breath and oral fluid in adults with substance use disorder

Arvidsson

Ullah

Franck

et al. 2018

Drug Testing and Analysis

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In the treatment of substance use disorder, regular laboratory-based testing has the dual purpose of monitoring compliance with the prescribed medication and abstention from medically non-motivated substances (ie, drug abuse screening). The principal specimen for testing is urine, but collection of urine has some disadvantages, for example being more time-consuming and more intrusive compared to other matrices. There is also the risk of adulteration. This project compared exhaled breath and oral fluid as alternative matrices for drug abuse screening in patients with substance use disorder. All 51 subjects included in the study were enrolled at the Drug Addiction Emergency Unit in Stockholm. Exhaled breath, oral fluid, and urine samples were collected together with a self-report. Of all 117 self-reported drug intakes during the previous week, 72% were confirmed in urine, 73% in oral fluid and 39% in exhaled breath. In 31% of the subjects, additional substances other than those self-reported were detected analytically. For substance abuse screening, urine had the highest detection rate for buprenorphine, cannabis, and benzodiazepines, while oral fluid had the highest detection rate for amphetamines and methadone. Exhaled breath showed the highest detection rate of all matrices for cocaine. To identify significant differences in detection rates between the matrices future studies with larger sampling sizes are needed. Both oral fluid and exhaled breath are viable alternative specimens to urine, depending on the circumstances and purpose of the testing.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drug abuse screening with exhaled breath and oral fluid in adults with substance use disorder

Arvidsson

Ullah

Franck

et al. 2018

Drug Testing and Analysis

Self Cite

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“…The question whether OF contributes substantially to EB samples and thus potentially complicates the interpretation of results has been controversially discussed in previous studies . Within this study, it could be demonstrated that the introduction of OF into EB samples during conventional collection procedures is possible, and that geometries forming OF‐traps are useful means, if the presence of OF in such specimens needs to be minimized.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…The composition of EB samples as collected by means of these devices has not been studied so far, and data, especially concerning the question whether OF contributes substantially to the EB matrix, has been scarce. For scenarios where quantitative analyses are required, the definition of the matrix used is of particular importance as drug concentrations in OF and EB may not correlate . Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish means to investigate whether OF is present in EB sampled by means of the electret‐based device.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does oral fluid contribute to exhaled breath samples collected by means of an electret membrane?

Garzinsky

Walpurgis

Krug

et al. 2019

Drug Testing and Analysis

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To date, blood (and serum) as well as urine samples are the most commonly collected specimens for routine doping controls, which allow for the analytical coverage of an extensive set of target analytes relevant to sports drug testing programs. In the course of studies to identify potential alternative matrices to complement current testing approaches, exhaled breath (EB) has been found to offer advantageous properties especially with regard to the sample collection procedure, which is less invasive, less intrusive, and less time‐consuming when compared to conventional blood and urine testing. A yet unaddressed question has been the potential contribution of oral fluid (OF) to EB samples. The current investigation focused on characterizing an electret membrane‐based EB collection device concerning a potential introduction of OF during the sampling procedure. For that purpose, EB and OF samples collected under varying conditions from a total of 14 healthy volunteers were tested for the presence of abundant salivary proteins using bottom‐up proteomics approaches such as SDS‐PAGE followed by tryptic digestion and chromatographic‐mass spectrometric analysis. The trapping baffles integrated into the mouthpiece of the EB collection device were found to effectively retain OF introduced into the unit during sample collection as no saliva breakthrough was detectable using the established analytical approach targeting predominantly the highly abundant salivary α‐amylase. Since α‐amylase was found unaffected by storage, smoking, food intake, and exercise, it appears to be a useful marker to reveal possible OF contaminations of EB collection devices.

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“…Drug levels in exhaled breath/exhaled breath condensate A number of drugs have been analyzed in EB/EBC in various studies [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. However, there are two problems when comparing these reported levels of drugs in EBC: there are very wide variations in the reported levels (e.g., 4.8-29,800 pg/min for methadone [12]) and the different units (i.e., pg/filter, pg/min, mg/l and parts per million by volume) used to express the EBC levels of the analyte which cannot easily be converted for comparison with each other.…”

Section: Characteristics Of Exhaled Breath Condensatementioning

confidence: 99%

Exhaled Breath Condensate as an Alternative Sample for Drug Monitoring

2017

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, nail and hair are all commonly used samples in bioanalysis. Such biological samples can be used for many different purposes, including the early detection of disease, the follow-up on a cause of death in forensic science, drug dose adjustment in modern pharmacotherapy and for measuring enzyme activity in order to obtain phenotypic information for personalized medicine. Each of these biological samples has a number of advantages and disadvantages; however, serum and plasma are currently the most frequently used sample in clinical analysis. The levels of drugs in the blood, or its derived fluids, reflect the systemic levels of the analytes, and so these types of samples are widely accepted in the biomedical field. However, these samples possess a number of disadvantages, including: invasive sampling, the necessity for a skilled person to collect the sample, a very high matrix effect, patient-to-patient variability and a low compliance of the patients and/or sample donors.Exhaled breath (EB)/exhaled breath condensate (EBC) could be considered as a possible alternative sample type for drug monitoring purposes and also for the early detection/follow-up of disease through the monitoring appropriate biomarker levels [1] or the response to pharmacotherapy [2]. This editorial focuses on the advantages and disadvantages, as well as the recent findings, of the analysis of drugs in EBC. A number of important issues that should be resolved before further investigations on EBC will also be discussed. Characteristics of exhaled breath condensateThe main advantages of using EBC include: r A simpler matrix (low-matrix effect) when compared with other biological fluids; r A noninvasive nature and therefore greater compliance from patients during EBC collection; r No need for a skilled person to collect EBC; r Sampling could be repeated as frequently as required; r Direct sample injection into the analytical instruments is possible; r A greater possibility for chiral separation of enantioselective analytes.The main disadvantages of using EBC include: r A very low concentration of drugs/biomarkers due to dilution by the water vapor of exhaled air; r Different units are used to report the analytical data meaning that the data cannot easily be directly compared; r Possible contamination from the collection area (inhaled air) and also the saliva;

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First report on the pharmacokinetics of tramadol and O-desmethyltramadol in exhaled breath compared to plasma and oral fluid after a single oral dose

Cited by 42 publications

References 47 publications

Drug abuse screening with exhaled breath and oral fluid in adults with substance use disorder

Drug abuse screening with exhaled breath and oral fluid in adults with substance use disorder

Does oral fluid contribute to exhaled breath samples collected by means of an electret membrane?

Exhaled Breath Condensate as an Alternative Sample for Drug Monitoring

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