First trimester caesarean scar ectopic pregnancy evaluation using MRI

Laparoscopic repair with hysteroscopy of cesarean scar diverticulum

“…In 1995, Morris first described a pouch‐like anatomic defect on the anterior wall of the cervical canal caused by previous CS scar, which has since been called ‘isthmocele’ or ‘cesarean scar diverticulum (CSD)’ by some authors . The incidence of CSD has been reported to be as high as 60% because of the increase in CS over recent decades . Postmenstrual brown spotting and secondary infertility are the main clinical manifestations in gynecology offices .…”

“…3 The incidence of CSD has been reported to be as high as 60% because of the increase in CS over recent decades. 4 Postmenstrual brown spotting and secondary infertility are the main clinical manifestations in gynecology offices. 5 Ectopic pregnancy at the site, like CS scar pregnancy, could be another serious complication, which could be life-threating because of CS uterine rupture and massive haemorrhage.…”

Laparoscopic management of extrauterine pregnancy in caesarean section scar: description of a surgical technique and review of the literature

“…1 Recently, evaluation by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been suggested as a means of increasing diagnostic accuracy as well as better defining location and extent of invasion of the pregnancy into the myometrium; this helps in guiding optimal therapy. [2][3][4][5] There is still lack of consensus regarding the adequacy of different treatment strategies including local injections of potassium chloride, methotrexate (MTX) or surgical treatment. No modality is entirely reliable, and none can guarantee uterine integrity.…”

Incorporating uterine artery embolization in the treatment of cesarean scar pregnancy following diagnostic ultrasonography

“…The accuracy of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosing CSP has been demonstrated previously [5,18,19]. It notable that magnetic resonance imaging is a costly diagnostic technique and that this must often be taken into account in clinical environments.…”

“…The incidence of CSP has been reported to be one case per 1800-2216 normal pregnancies; this rate could rise in the future owing to increasing rates of cesarean deliveries [2][3][4]. Links have been suggested between uterine scar dehiscence or small-scar defects after cesarean deliveries and later CSPs [5], and routine transvaginal ultrasonography has been recommended in early pregnancy for patients who have previously undergone a cesarean delivery [6]. Vial et al [7] classified CSP based on transvaginal ultrasonography.…”