Fish as feed: Using economic allocation to quantify the Fish In : Fish Out ratio of major fed aquaculture species

Kok, Björn; Malcorps, Wesley; Tlusty, Michael F.; Eltholth, Mahmoud; Auchterlonie, Neil Alexander; Little, David C.; Harmsen, Robert; Newton, Richard; Davies, Simon J.

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735474

Cited by 123 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Researchers are making efforts to identify new sources of phytogenics with positive effects on many different fish species [ 23 , 24 , 25 ]. The identification of effective plant additives for inclusion in feed is particularly important in the context of a global trend to replace ingredients of marine origin with some of plant origin, and also because of the fact that feed is the main production cost in the aquaculture sector [ 26 , 27 , 28 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Diet Supplementation with Wheat Grass Juice on Growth Performance, Body Composition and Blood Biochemical Profile of Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Barbacariu

Burducea

Dirvariu

et al. 2021

Animals

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Wheat grass juice (WGJ) is an extract of young wheat plantlets (Triticum aetivum L.) used worldwide for its health related properties. In this study, the following feeds containing WGJ were tested on common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): Control (C), WGJ1% (V1), WGJ2% (V2) and WGJ4% (V3) w/w. Fish with an average initial weight of 102 g/individual were grown in a recirculating aquaculture system. The results showed that WGJ had stimulatory effects on growth performance. Accordingly, final body weight increased by 11% at V1, 39% at V2 and 23% at V3, while other indices (feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate, relative growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, and condition factor) were unaffected. Body composition analyses revealed a significant decrease in fat content at V2 and a significant increase in collagen and ash at the same variant, while the protein content was unmodified. Regarding the blood profile, significant increases in the content of albumin, globulin, total protein, and calcium were recorded in the variants with WGJ. The positive results of WGJ on carp can be attributed to its biochemical composition, which is rich in chlorophyll (4.71 mg mL−1), total phenols (164 µg mL−1 gallic acid equivalents), and high antioxidant activity (67% inhibition of DPPH 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). The results suggest WGJ can be used as a promising feed additive for common carp.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Diet Supplementation with Wheat Grass Juice on Growth Performance, Body Composition and Blood Biochemical Profile of Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Barbacariu

Burducea

Dirvariu

et al. 2021

Animals

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“…Pacific White shrimp fed a diet comprising a substantial proportion of Insect-based protein as opposed to fishmeal-based feed showed higher growth rates and improved immunity (Motte et al, 2019). Alternative ingredients to fishmeal and oil, and fuller utilization of fish byproducts in meal production, have reduced the global contribution to feeds for aquatic farming since the 1990s (Kok et al, 2020). This is captured by various methods of estimating the "Fish-in:Fish-out" ratio, which generally suggest that globally, most fish-producing aquaculture industries are now largely net producers of fish rather than net users (Kok et al, 2020).…”

Section: A Brief Overview Of the Fishmeal Industry Potential Fishmealmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Cursory Look at the Fishmeal/Oil Industry From an Ecosystem Perspective

Shannon

Waller

2021

Front. Ecol. Evol.

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By supporting the fishmeal industry, are we competing with marine predators? Should we be taking away food from marine predators to subsidize agriculture? If not for human consumption, should forage fish be left in the sea for predators? Are there more sustainable alternatives to fishmeal; can the fishing industry be part of developing these? These are all pressing questions being posed by marine scientists, particularly in the light of the increasing aquaculture industry and associated increasing demand in recent decades for fishmeal and oil to sustain cultured fish. We concisely summarize the global context of marine sourced fishmeal and then use the South African marine ecosystem as a working example. This article draws on research into the trophic role of forage fish in marine ecosystems and ponders whether a reduced demand for fishmeal, given increasing global pressures such as climate change, could benefit marine ecosystems, fisheries on predatory species, and vulnerable marine predators.

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“…Production of quality aquafeeds has been made possible due to the technological advances in feed processing equipment, feeds management practices contributing to aquaculture intensification (Kumar & Engle, 2016). In essence, quality feeds improve feed conversion efficiencies and lead to high fish yields to levels comparable with the capture fisheries (FAO, 2018;Kok et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Trends in aquaculture production in Kenya 2006-2019(KNBS, 2020 The growing demand for fish and fish products in Kenya has contributed to a gradual shift from extensive to semi-intensive and moderately intensive aquaculture production systems, leading to an increased demand for quality commercial fish feeds (FAO, 2018). However, the cost of quality feeds is very high for most fish farmers, hence the need for cost-effective but quality feeds that provides the nutritional specifications for each species (Kok et al, 2020). Quality fish feeds and fingerlings are currently the major challenges facing Kenyan fish farmers where the former alone accounts for over 50% of the total production cost (Liti et al, 2005;Munguti et al, 2014b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical Aspects of Aquafeed Value Chain in the Kenyan Aquaculture Sector- A Review

Munguti¹,

Kirimi²,

Obiero³

et al. 2021

SAR

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This article reviews critical aspects of the aquafeed value chain in the Kenyan aquaculture sector. Aquaculture production in Kenya has grown steadily in recent years, to more than 18,000 tons in 2019. Due to the growing demand for fish and fish products, there has been a gradual shift from extensive to semi-intensive to moderately intensive aquaculture systems, leading to an increased demand for high quality commercial fish feeds. The current annual demand for fish feed in Kenya is estimated at 34,000 tons. It is the lack of sufficient and high-quality local fish feed production that has created a market for fish feed importers, which is currently estimated at 7,000 tons annually. However, the imported fish feed is expensive for most fish farmers, leading to low production. Local fish feed production through home-based formulation should be driven by fish farmers to contain the rising cost of feeds. Most cottage feed manufacturers produce mash, crumbles or sinking pellets because they lack extruder for making floating pellets, hence the need for quality control in the aqua-feed sector. Fish feed producers are weakly covered by financial services providers, hence the inability to compete effectively with other value chains. The paper outlines five key actors in the aqua-feed value chain from production to marketing. These include; raw material (ingredients) suppliers, feed manufacturers (feed formulators), distributors/wholesalers, retailers, and customers who are fish farmers. We recommend intensification of local aqua-feed production using locally available materials to reduce the importation. This will ensure the long term economic and ecological sustainability of the aquaculture sector. There is a need for favourable policies to lower importation rates for raw materials as a way of boosting the availability of additional feed resources and inputs.

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Fish as feed: Using economic allocation to quantify the Fish In : Fish Out ratio of major fed aquaculture species

Cited by 123 publications

References 53 publications

Evaluation of Diet Supplementation with Wheat Grass Juice on Growth Performance, Body Composition and Blood Biochemical Profile of Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Evaluation of Diet Supplementation with Wheat Grass Juice on Growth Performance, Body Composition and Blood Biochemical Profile of Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

A Cursory Look at the Fishmeal/Oil Industry From an Ecosystem Perspective

Critical Aspects of Aquafeed Value Chain in the Kenyan Aquaculture Sector- A Review

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