Fixation‐Off (Scoto) Sensitivity Combined with Photosensitivity

Agathonikou, A.; Koutroumanidis, Michail; Panayiotopoulos, C. P.

doi:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01419.x

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…They do not occur in darkness (9). Cases with combination of fixation‐off sensitivity and photosensitivity are rare (10). It has been suggested that central vision has an inhibitory effect on the paroxysmal fixation‐off–sensitive epileptic activity (5).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fixation‐off Sensitivity in an Adult with Symptomatic Occipital Epilepsy

Kurth¹,

Bittermann²,

Wegerer³

et al. 2001

Epilepsia

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Summary: An adult patient had EEG occipital spike fixationoff sensitivity and spontaneous occipital seizures due to perinatal asphyxia with bioccipital hemorrhage. EEG abnormalities consisted of repetitive posterior spikes that occurred when the eyes were closed and other conditions of fixation-off. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) documented severe posterior lesions with wallerian degeneration of the optic radiation. Electron capture detector single-photon emission computed tomography (ECD-SPECT) during the state of fixation-off showed regional hyperperfusion in the right posterior regions. We suggest that partial denervation of the primary visual cortex in this patient resulted in an increased cortical excitability and that the inhibitory effect of central vision and fixation leads to a suppression of spontaneous epileptic activity. This unusual symptomatic case may serve as a model for the pathophysiology in the more often reported cases of idiopathic benign epilepsy syndrome of childhood.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fixation‐off Sensitivity in an Adult with Symptomatic Occipital Epilepsy

Kurth¹,

Bittermann²,

Wegerer³

et al. 2001

Epilepsia

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“…FOS has been described in GGE and occipital epilepsy ( 30 ). In some patients, photosensitivity and FOS coexist ( 31 ).…”

Section: Interictal Abnormalitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electroencephalography in the Diagnosis of Genetic Generalized Epilepsy Syndromes

2017

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Genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE) consists of several syndromes diagnosed and classified on the basis of clinical features and electroencephalographic (EEG) abnormalities. The main EEG feature of GGE is bilateral, synchronous, symmetric, and generalized spike-wave complex. Other classic EEG abnormalities are polyspikes, epileptiform K-complexes and sleep spindles, polyspike-wave discharges, occipital intermittent rhythmic delta activity, eye-closure sensitivity, fixation-off sensitivity, and photoparoxysmal response. However, admixed with typical changes, atypical epileptiform discharges are also commonly seen in GGE. There are circadian variations of generalized epileptiform discharges. Sleep, sleep deprivation, hyperventilation, intermittent photic stimulation, eye closure, and fixation-off are often used as activation techniques to increase the diagnostic yield of EEG recordings. Reflex seizure-related EEG abnormalities can be elicited by the use of triggers such as cognitive tasks and pattern stimulation during the EEG recording in selected patients. Distinct electrographic abnormalities to help classification can be identified among different electroclinical syndromes.

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“…First described by Panayiotopoulos in childhood occipital epilepsies, FOS was later found to occur in several other epilepsy syndromes including IGE (Koutroumanidis et al., 2009). FOS can coexist with photosensitivity in some patients (Agathonikou et al., 1998).…”

Section: Provoking and Confounding Factors Affecting The Eegmentioning

confidence: 99%

The electroencephalogram of idiopathic generalized epilepsy

2011

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SUMMARYIdiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) is classified into several subsyndromes based on clinical and electroencephalography (EEG) features. The EEG signature of IGE is bisynchronous, symmetric, and generalized spikewave complex; although focal, irregular, and so called ''fragments'' of discharges are not uncommon. Other characteristic EEG features include polyspikes, polyspike-wave discharges, occipital intermittent rhythmic delta activity, and photoparoxysmal response. Both human and animal data suggest involvement of the thalamus and the cortex in the generation of spike-wave discharges in IGE. Circadian variations of generalized epileptiform discharges are well described, and these can be useful in diagnostic confirmation. Those discharges tend to occur more often after awakening and during cyclic alternating pattern phase-A of nonrapid eye movement sleep. Activation procedures such as hyperventilation, intermittent photic stimulation, eye closure, and fixation-off are useful techniques to increase the yield of both interictal and ictal EEG abnormalities. Although not in routine use, specific triggers such as pattern stimulation and cognitive tasks may also be of value in eliciting rare reflex seizure-related EEG abnormalities. Variations of EEG abnormalities are evident between different electroclinical syndromes. EEG is also affected by certain external as well as internal factors, which should be borne in mind when interpreting EEG studies in IGE.

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Fixation‐Off (Scoto) Sensitivity Combined with Photosensitivity

Cited by 16 publications

References 4 publications

Fixation‐off Sensitivity in an Adult with Symptomatic Occipital Epilepsy

Fixation‐off Sensitivity in an Adult with Symptomatic Occipital Epilepsy

Electroencephalography in the Diagnosis of Genetic Generalized Epilepsy Syndromes

The electroencephalogram of idiopathic generalized epilepsy

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