Flagellin Is Not a Major Defense Elicitor in <i>Ralstonia solanacearum</i> Cells or Extracts Applied to <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>

Pfund, Christine; Tans-Kersten, Julie; Dunning, F. Mark; Alonso, José M.; Ecker, Joseph R.; Allen, Caitilyn; Bent, Andrew F.

doi:10.1094/mpmi.2004.17.6.696

Cited by 115 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…N. benthamiana expressing LeFLS2 gained responsiveness towards flg15 E.coli , and thereby acquired the flagellin perception system specific for tomato. During the past, several flagellin peptide variants have been discovered that do not elicit defense responses in A. thaliana Pfund et al 2004;Sun et al 2006). Furthermore, the so-called broad-species active flg22 peptide did not trigger defense responses in rice cell cultures, whereas they are responsive to a specific flagellin from the incompatible strain P. avenae Che et al 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular identification and characterization of the tomato flagellin receptor LeFLS2, an orthologue of Arabidopsis FLS2 exhibiting characteristically different perception specificities

et al. 2007

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Bacterial flagellin is known to stimulate host immune responses in mammals and plants. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the receptor kinase FLS2 mediates flagellin perception through physical interaction with a highly conserved epitope in the N-terminus of flagellin, represented by the peptide flg22 derived from Pseudomonas syringae. The peptide flg22 is highly active as an elicitor in many plant species. In contrast, a shortened version of the same epitope derived from Escherichia coli, flg15

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular identification and characterization of the tomato flagellin receptor LeFLS2, an orthologue of Arabidopsis FLS2 exhibiting characteristically different perception specificities

et al. 2007

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“…Flg22-induced seedling growth inhibition assays (Gomez-Gomez et al, 1999) were performed as described (Pfund et al, 2004). Approximately 12 Arabidopsis seedlings per treatment were grown on 0.53 Murashige and Skoog agar media supplemented with 2% Suc and 13 Gamborg's vitamins for 5 d and then transferred to 24-well plates (one seedling per well) containing 400 mL of liquid 0.53 Murashige and Skoog salts, 2% (w/v) Suc, and 13 Gamborg's vitamins media with and without 10 mM flg22 peptide.…”

Section: Seedling Growth Inhibitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MEKK1 Is Required for flg22-Induced MPK4 Activation in Arabidopsis Plants

et al. 2006

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The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) gene MEKK1 encodes a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase that has been implicated in the activation of the map kinases MPK3 and MPK6 in response to the flagellin elicitor peptide flg22. In this study, analysis of plants carrying T-DNA knockout alleles indicated that MEKK1 is required for flg22-induced activation of MPK4 but not MPK3 or MPK6. Experiments performed using a kinase-impaired version of MEKK1 (K361M) showed that the kinase activity of MEKK1 may not be required for flg22-induced MPK4 activation or for other macroscopic FLS2-mediated responses. MEKK1 may play a structural role in signaling, independent of its protein kinase activity. mekk1 knockout mutants display a severe dwarf phenotype, constitutive callose deposition, and constitutive expression of pathogen response genes. This dwarf phenotype was largely rescued by introduction into mekk1 knockout plants of either the MEKK1 (K361M) construct or a nahG transgene that degrades salicylic acid. When treated with pathogenic bacteria, the K361M plants were slightly more susceptible to an avirulent strain of Pseudomonas syringae and showed a delayed hypersensitive response, suggesting a role for MEKK1 kinase activity in this aspect of plant disease resistance. Our results indicate that MEKK1 acts upstream of MPK4 as a negative regulator of pathogen response pathways, a function that may not require MEKK1's full kinase activity.

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“…Therefore, bacteria are limited to alterations that do not significantly diminish PAMP function. Despite these constraints, several studies have discovered variations in PAMPs, including post-translational modifications, between bacterial species that prevent detection by host PRRs 46,60,61 .…”

Section: Bacterial Responses To Host Basal Defences Evasion Of Host Bmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial elicitation and evasion of plant innate immunity

Abramovitch

Anderson

Martin

2006

Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol

377

285

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Recent research on plant responses to bacterial attack has identified extracellular and intracellular host receptors that recognize conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns and more specialized virulence proteins, respectively. These findings have shed light on our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which bacteria elicit host defences and how pathogens have evolved to evade or suppress these defences.Plants are a rich source of nutrients and water for microbes, and they are infected by many bacterial pathogens from both the Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria phyla (Supplementary information 1 (table)). Because of their broad host range, serious economic consequences and experimental tractability, the most intensively studied bacteria are members of the Proteobacteria phylum (such as Agrobacterium, Erwinia, Pseudomonas, Ralstonia and Xanthomonas) [1][2][3][4] . These pathogens are spread by wind, rain, insects or cultivation practices. They enter plant tissues either by wounds or through natural openings such as lenticels, hydathodes or stomata 5 , and they occupy the inter cellular spaces (apoplast) of various plant tissues or the xylem.Plant-pathogenic members of the Proteobacteria cause diverse disease symptoms, including specks, spots, blights, wilts, galls and cankers, and they can cause host-cell death in roots, leaves, flowers, fruits, stems and tubers (FIG. 1). These symptoms affect both yield and quality of agricultural crops and bacterial diseases can have serious economic, social and even political consequences [6][7][8] . Control of bacterial diseases is only partially effective and consists of copper-based sprays, antibiotics, biocontrol strategies, large-scale removal of infected plants and, most importantly, host genetic resistance 5 . Therefore, research on bacterial diseases of plants helps to elucidate fundamental aspects of microbial pathogenesis and associated host responses and also to develop more effective and sustainable disease-control methods.Correspondence to G.B.M. gbm7@cornell.edu. Competing interests statementThe authors declare no competing financial interests. DATABASES NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptPlant-pathogenic bacteria use virulence strategies that are either specialized to plant tissues or are broadly conserved among pathogens of both plants and animals (FIG. 1). Bacterial virulence is manifested as increases in the rate of growth or final population size, as well as by enhanced disease symptoms, which promote the spread of the pathogen through the plant or the broader environment.Unlike mammals, plants have a complex cell wall that bacteria must surmount to gain access to water and nutrients. Bacteria attack this barrier with extracellular virulence factors, such as cell wall degrading enzymes, and bypass it by the secretion of cell wall-permeable toxins 5 . However, perhaps the most effective virulence strategy, and one shared with animal bacterial pathogens, is to breach the wall by use of the type III s...

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Flagellin Is Not a Major Defense Elicitor in Ralstonia solanacearum Cells or Extracts Applied to Arabidopsis thaliana

Cited by 115 publications

References 63 publications

Molecular identification and characterization of the tomato flagellin receptor LeFLS2, an orthologue of Arabidopsis FLS2 exhibiting characteristically different perception specificities

Molecular identification and characterization of the tomato flagellin receptor LeFLS2, an orthologue of Arabidopsis FLS2 exhibiting characteristically different perception specificities

MEKK1 Is Required for flg22-Induced MPK4 Activation in Arabidopsis Plants

Bacterial elicitation and evasion of plant innate immunity

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