Flame Retardant Additives in Polymers

Babrauskas, Vytenis; Fuoco, Rebecca; Blum, Arlene

doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53808-6.00003-2

Cited by 17 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…Organophosphorus compounds , (OPCs) are classified into phosphonates, , phosphates, , phosphinates, and phosphazenes. , They are used in various applications ranging from incineration of pesticides and chemical warfare agents to fire suppression and potential catalytic uses in aircraft turbines or combustion technology. , Despite studies ,− involving OPCs in different applications, a complete understanding of their behavior remains elusive. Hence, the potential of phosphorus-containing compounds has sparked significant interest in their thermochemistry and reaction mechanisms for practical and effective applications. − Trimethyl phosphate − consists of a central phosphorus (P) atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom (O) and single-bonded to three methoxy (CH 3 O) groups, as illustrated in Figure .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Organophosphorus compounds 1 , 2 (OPCs) are classified into phosphonates, 3 , 4 phosphates, 5 , 6 phosphinates, 7 and phosphazenes. 8 , 9 They are used in various applications ranging from incineration 10 of pesticides and chemical warfare agents 11 to fire suppression 12 and potential catalytic uses in aircraft turbines or combustion technology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Probing the Thermochemistry Properties and Rate Kinetics of Trimethyl Phosphate (TMP): An H-Atom Abstraction (HAA) Reactions Perspective

Bruce,

2023

ACS Omega

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Trimethyl Phosphate (TMP), an organophosphorus liquid compound, is valued for its versatile qualities and applications in various fields. In modern chemical research and industry, processes involving Trimethyl Phosphate are optimized for minimal negative environmental impact, and scientific advancement is driven by adherence to stringent regulations to provide sustainable solutions and resource preservation. Thermochemical insights enhance our understanding of monomer incorporation, initiation, and propagation energetics. This study comprehensively investigates the thermochemistry and rate kinetics that govern H-atom abstractions in TMP through advanced computational techniques. The theoretical framework encompasses methodologies for conducting conformer searches, exploring transition states, and performing energy calculations. This study calculates rate constants for eight H-atom abstraction reactions involving TMP with stable species, O 2 (oxygen), H (hydrogen), and radicals [ȮH (hydroxyl), ĊH 3 (methyl), CH 3 Ȯ (methoxy), HȮ 2 (hydroperoxyl), ṄH 2 (amino), and ĊN (cyano)], and further analogies are related to barrier heights. Bond dissociation energies are also determined, highlighting TMP’s susceptibility to various reaction pathways. The discussion and findings elucidate the need for further experimental validation for practical applications of TMP in chemical synthesis, combustion, flame-retardant technologies, environmental processes, and pharmaceutical research.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Probing the Thermochemistry Properties and Rate Kinetics of Trimethyl Phosphate (TMP): An H-Atom Abstraction (HAA) Reactions Perspective

Bruce,

2023

ACS Omega

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“…), antioxidants (e.g., phenol based aromatic amines) or fire retardants (metal hydroxides, halogen and phosphorous-based compounds, etc.). Different types of additives in polymers have been discussed by various authors [7][8][9]. There is little information in scientific articles dealing with the measurement and evaluation of the explosion parameters of polymers [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study into the Fire and Explosion Characteristics of Polymer Powders Used in Engineering Production Technologies

Kuracina,

Szabová,

Buranská

et al. 2023

Polymers

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Polymers and their processing by engineering production technologies (injection, molding or additive manufacturing) are increasingly being used. Polymers used in engineering production technologies are constantly being developed and their properties are being improved. Granulometry, X-ray, FTIR and TGA were used to characterize polymer samples. Determination of the fire parameters of powder samples of polyamide (PA) 12, polypropylene, and ultra-high molecular weight (UHMW) polyethylene is the subject of the current article. An explosive atmosphere can be created by the powder form of these polymer materials, and introduction of preventive safeguards to ensure safety is required for their use. Although the fire parameters of these basic types of polymers are available in databases (e.g., GESTIS-DustEx), our results showed that one of the samples used (polypropylene) was not flammable and thus is safe for use in terms of explosiveness. Two samples were flammable and explosive. The lower explosive limit was 30 g·m−3 (PA12) and 60 g·m−3 (UHMW polyethylene). The maximum explosion pressure of the samples was 6.47 (UHMW polyethylene) and 6.76 bar (PA12). The explosion constant, Kst, of the samples was 116.6 bar·m·s−1 (PA12) and 97.1 bar·m·s−1 (UHMW polyethylene). Therefore, when using polymers in production technologies, it is necessary to know their fire parameters, and to design effective explosion prevention (e.g., ventilation, explosive-proof material, etc.) measures for flammable and explosive polymers.

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“…e common additives include halogen, phosphorus, and nitrogen compounds [6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Unfortunately, these flame-retardant compounds generate toxic gases in the burning process which are harmful to people and the environment [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Organoclay on the Flame Retardancy and Thermal Insulation Property of Expandable Graphite/Polyurethane Foam

Thi

Pham

Hanh

et al. 2019

Journal of Chemistry

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The rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) filled with organoclay cloisite 20A and expandable graphite (EG) were prepared by the one-step expanding foam method. Flame behavior, mechanical properties, and thermal conductivity of the composites were investigated. The vertical burning test (UL-94V) and limiting oxygen index (LOI) showed that the flame retardancy was increased proportionally with the content of EG in PU composite. However, the presence of EG filler impaired the thermal insulation and the compressive strength of the composite. In this report, we proved that organoclay could improve the compressive strength, thermal insulation, and flame retardancy of EG/polyurethane composites. This work can contribute to the development of environment-friendly flame-retardant products for green growth.

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Flame Retardant Additives in Polymers

Cited by 17 publications

References 87 publications

Probing the Thermochemistry Properties and Rate Kinetics of Trimethyl Phosphate (TMP): An H-Atom Abstraction (HAA) Reactions Perspective

Probing the Thermochemistry Properties and Rate Kinetics of Trimethyl Phosphate (TMP): An H-Atom Abstraction (HAA) Reactions Perspective

Study into the Fire and Explosion Characteristics of Polymer Powders Used in Engineering Production Technologies

Influence of Organoclay on the Flame Retardancy and Thermal Insulation Property of Expandable Graphite/Polyurethane Foam

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