Flame retardant polystyrene copolymers: preparation, thermal properties, and fire toxicities

Hu, Weizhao; Zhan, Jing; Nie, Hong; Hull, T. Richard; Stec, Anna A.; Song, Lei; Wang, Jian; Hu, Yuan

doi:10.1002/pat.3261

Cited by 30 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…Cerium-doped manganese oxide-graphene hybrid sheets were also found to suppress the amount of organic volatiles and CO during decomposition epoxy resins [99]. Less success was obtained on incorporating a new phosphorous-and nitrogen-containing reactive monomer to form a polystyrene copolymer [100]. The results obtained from the SSTF indicated that the carbon monoxide and smoke yield density were increased due to the incomplete combustion of the copolymer.…”

Section: Fire Retardantsmentioning

confidence: 70%

Fire toxicity – The elephant in the room?

Stec

2017

Fire Safety Journal

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Fire toxicity is the largest cause of death and injury from unwanted fires, yet it is the least well studied area of fire science and engineering. Fire toxicity increases by factors up to 50, as the fire becomes underventilated. This has proved difficult, but not impossible, to replicate in a controlled way on a bench-scale. Clear correlations have been observed between the stoichiometric equivalence ratio, and the yields of the major asphyxiants, carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide. In addition, irritant components of fire effluents, which have an instantaneous effect, can incapacitate fire victims, trapping them in a fire. However, the longer term toxicants present in fire effluents, such as the carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and the microscopic particulates which result from their agglomeration are probably responsible for hundreds or thousands more deaths than the acute asphyxiants and irritants.

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Section: Fire Retardantsmentioning

confidence: 70%

Fire toxicity – The elephant in the room?

Stec

2017

Fire Safety Journal

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“…Among different phosphorus-containing flame retardants, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide (DOPO) and its derivatives with a diphenyl structure have been used to reduce flammability of polymers such epoxy resin, polystyrene, polylactic acid, etc., owning to their high flame-retardant efficiency, water resistance, good oxidation and thermal stability. [15][16][17][18][19] However, to date, few people have studied the flame-retardant effect of DOPO and its derivatives in PMMA. [20] Inspired by the aforementioned concepts, herein, a novel DOPO-based monomer, DOPO-AA, is first prepared and then introduced into PMMA matrix via in situ copolymerization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In situsynthesis of a novel transparent poly (methyl methacrylate) resin with markedly enhanced flame retardancy

Jiang

Zhu

et al. 2015

Polym. Adv. Technol.

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A novel phosphorus-containing monomer, (6-oxido-6H-dibenzo [c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinin-6-yl)methyl acrylate (DOPO-AA), is first synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and 31 P NMR. The monomer is then introduced into poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix via in situ copolymerization to produce a new PMMA based copolymer (PMMA/DOPO-AA). From UV-vis spectra, microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC) and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) results, the as-fabricated PMMA/DOPO-AA copolymers not only keep relatively high transparency, but also exhibit remarkable improvements in the flame retardancy and thermal stability, such as increased T 0.5 by 60.2°C and limited oxygen index (LOI) by 4.1, and decreased peak heat released rate (PHRR) by 34.7%. Thermal degradation behaviors investigated by real time Fourier transform infrared spectra (RTIR), char structure analysis studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and pyrolysis gaseous products studied by TGA coupled with FTIR (TGA-FTIR) demonstrate that the catalytic charring function of DOPO-AA in condensed phase and DOPO flame retardant systems in the gas phase are two key factors for the property enhancements. This work not only provides a promising flame-retardant monomer for polymers, but also will stimulate more efforts on the development of DOPO-containing flame-retardant monomers.

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“…After adding GO-ODOPM, the T g of the composites decreased overall, but interestingly, as the amount of GO-ODOPM added increased, T g showed an upward trend. This may be due to the fact that when the addition amount of GO-ODOPM was low, the ODOPM group acts as a lubricant in the composite material, which increased the flexibility of the polystyrene chain, resulting in a decrease in the T g of the GO-ODOPM/PS composite microsphere [23]. With the increase of the addition amount of GO-ODOPM, GO sheets played a major role in the composite microspheres, which can inhibit the movement of PS molecular segments through interface interactions such as physical adsorption, and act as plasticizers, resulting in the increase of T g of GO-ODOPM/PS composite microspheres [24].…”

Section: Dsc Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

A study on preparation of modified Graphene Oxide and flame retardancy of polystyrene composite microspheres

Wang

Qing

Sun

et al. 2020

Designed Monomers and Polymers

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In this paper, the ODOPM, a kind of 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxygen-heterooxy-10-phosphoro-10-oxygen (DOPO) derivative, was obtained by hydroxylation of DOPO. Further, a phosphorus nano-flame retardant (GO-ODOPM) was obtained by addition reaction with carboxylated Graphite Oxide (GO-COOH). And then Graphene Oxide/polystyrene (GO-ODOPM/PS) composite microspheres were obtained via suspension polymerization of styrene with GO-ODOPM. The decrease of the peak heat release rate (HRR) and total heat release rate (THR) for the GO-ODOPM/PS composite microspheres was obtained when the content of the additives was only 3.0 wt% is more than 36.2% and 33.6% compared with the pure PS microspheres, respectively. Thermogravimetric (TG), dynamic rheology and carbon residue analysis were used to study the flame-retardant mechanism of GO-ODOPM in PS microspheres. The results revealed that the addition of GO-ODOPM obviously reduced the fire hazard of polystyrene (PS) microspheres. Thus, this work provided a feasible method to design efficient flame retardants for enhancing fire safety of polymers. ARTICLE HISTORY

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Flame retardant polystyrene copolymers: preparation, thermal properties, and fire toxicities

Cited by 30 publications

References 36 publications

Fire toxicity – The elephant in the room?

Fire toxicity – The elephant in the room?

In situsynthesis of a novel transparent poly (methyl methacrylate) resin with markedly enhanced flame retardancy

A study on preparation of modified Graphene Oxide and flame retardancy of polystyrene composite microspheres

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