Flame retardation by phosphorus compounds

Granzow, A.

doi:10.1021/ar50125a001

Cited by 231 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…26 In addition, flame retardants functioning in the condensed phase have been shown to be more effective in cellulosic materials. 25 On the other hand, C1 was seen to be lost from the incompletely burnt composite and from the char for both GE-MVP and GE-MPP. In the case of GE-MVP, 25% was lost from the incompletely burnt composite, with none left in the char.…”

Section: Mechanism Of Flame-retarding Actionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Thermal properties of tropical wood–polymer composites

Yap

Que

Chia

et al. 1991

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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SYNOPSISWood-polymer composites ( WPC) of Geronggang ( GE; Crutoxylon arborescens) , a light tropical hardwood, impregnated with methyl methacrylate (MMA ) , styrene-co-acrylonitrile ( 3 : 2; STAN), methyl methacrylate-co-bis( 2-chloroethy1)vinyl phosphonate ( 3 : 1; MVP) and methyl methacrylate-co-bis (chloropropyl) -2-propene phosphonate ( 3 : 1; MPP) , were prepared by in situ polymerization using y-radiation or catalyst-heat treatment. Thermal characterization of these WPC by limiting oxygen index measurements (LOI) , thermogravimetry (TG) , and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that the impregnants greatly modified the wood properties. The LO1 values of the GE-MVP and GE-MPP composites were much higher than that for GE and the other composites, indicating the effectiveness of the phosphonates as flame retardants. Concomitantly, the flaming characteristics also compared favorably against that for GE and the other composites. The decomposition temperature and maximum rate of weight loss determined by TG for GE-MVP and GE-MPP were substantially reduced, whereas the char yields were greatly higher. These observations again indicate that phosphonates imparted flame-retarding properties to their composites. The thermal properties of GE-MMA and GE-STAN composites were not vastly different from that of untreated GE. Flame retardancy in the phosphonatecontaining composites was effected through both the condensed-and gaseous-phase mechanisms due to the presence of phosphorus and chlorine, respectively. Indication of grafting of polymer to wood was found for GE-STAN, GE-MVP, and GE-MPP composites, but not for GE-MMA. Composites prepared by y-radiation or by the catalyst-heat treatment had similar thermal characteristics.

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Section: Mechanism Of Flame-retarding Actionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Thermal properties of tropical wood–polymer composites

Yap

Que

Chia

et al. 1991

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…Slopek and co-workers exploited a nucleophilic reaction for synthesizing dimethyl (4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazin-2-yloxy)methyl phosphonate (16), (6-chloro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl)bis(oxy)bis (methylene) diphosphonate (17), diethyl 2-(4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazin-2-ylamino) ethylphosphonate (18) and tetraethyl 2,2'-(6-chloro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl)bis(azanediyl)bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) diphosphonate (19). The reactions are shown in Figure 11.…”

Section: Triazine-based Flame Retardantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances for Flame Retardancy of Textiles Based on Phosphorus Chemistry

2016

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This paper aims at updating the progress on the phosphorus-based flame retardants specifically designed and developed for fibers and fabrics (particularly referring to cotton, polyester and their blends) over the last five years. Indeed, as clearly depicted by Horrocks in a recent review, the world of flame retardants for textiles is still experiencing some changes that are focused on topics like the improvement of its effectiveness and the replacement of toxic chemical products with counterparts that have low environmental impact and, hence, are more sustainable. In this context, phosphorus-based compounds play a key role and may lead, possibly in combination with silicon-or nitrogen-containing structures, to the design of new, efficient flame retardants for fibers and fabrics. Therefore, this review thoroughly describes the advances and the potentialities offered by the phosphorus-based products recently developed at a lab-scale, highlighting the current limitations, open challenges and some perspectives toward their possible exploitation at a larger scale.

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“…Phosphorus-based FRs are among the most efficient and versatile flame retardants, and most of them can act through a combination of vapor-(inhibition of active species in gas phase) and condensed-phase reactions (promotion of the polymer carbonization and char formation) [21,22]. A solution for obtaining sustainable, but also efficient FRs is provided by compounds containing phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) as possible synergists [23,24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Meltable Triazine-DOPO Additive on Rheological, Mechanical, and Flammability Properties of PA6

et al. 2015

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Through a straightforward approach, a new meltable, halogen-free, nitrogen-phosphorus-based flame retardant (FR), 6-(2-(4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)ethyl) dibenzo [c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide (DTE-DOPO) was synthesized and incorporated in polyamide 6 (PA6).It was proved that a very low phosphorus content of 1.46 wt % for DTE-DOPO additive improved the flame retardancy of PA6, leading to a non-flammable material. The performance of the new additive was compared to that of the commercially-available Exolit OP 1230. The PA6 formulations were evaluated by measuring the rheological, mechanical, and flammability behavior. Using compounding by melt extrusion, 17 wt % additives was introduced into PA6 matrix and the corresponding formulations were characterized. The results evidenced a higher homogeneity of DTE-DOPO with PA6, a high thermal stability with a catalyzing decomposition effect on PA6 caused by the presence of the new developed FR, enhanced elasticity for the PA6/DTE-DOPO formulation and a V0 rating for both formulations. Thermal and fire analysis indicated a primary gas-phase activity, combined with a complete suppression of the self-sustained burning for the PA6/DTE-DOPO formulation.Polymers 2015, 7 1542

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Flame retardation by phosphorus compounds

Cited by 231 publications

References 16 publications

Thermal properties of tropical wood–polymer composites

Thermal properties of tropical wood–polymer composites

Recent Advances for Flame Retardancy of Textiles Based on Phosphorus Chemistry

Effect of Meltable Triazine-DOPO Additive on Rheological, Mechanical, and Flammability Properties of PA6

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