Flame retardation of polyethylene: Effect of a phosphorus flame retardant having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups in the same molecule

Prasad, Virendra; Pillai, C. K. S.

doi:10.1002/1097-4628(20000919)77:12<2631::aid-app100>3.0.co;2-2

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The authors obtained Phosphorylated Cardanol Prepolymers (PCP) as shown in Scheme 28. The same team studied the integration of these PCP into polyethylene 239 as fire retardant additives. The materials prepared displayed an improved Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI), validating the fire retardation properties of these PCP additives.…”

Section: Cardanolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphorylation of bio-based compounds: the state of the art

et al. 2015

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International audienceOver the last few years, more and more papers have been devoted to phosphorus-containing polymers, mainly due to their fire resistance, excellent chelating and metal-adhesion properties. Nevertheless, sustainability, reduction of environmental impacts and green chemistry are increasingly guiding the development of the next generation of materials. The use of bio-based polymer matrices might allow the reduction of environmental impacts by using renewable carbon and by achieving more easily biodegradable or reusable materials. The aim of this review is to present both fundamental and applied research on the phosphorylation of renewable resources, through reactions on naturally occurring functions, and their use in biobased polymer chemistry and applications. In the first section, different strategies for the introduction of phosphorus-containing functions on organic backbones are described. In the following sections, the main families of chemicals based on renewable resources are covered: namely polysaccharides (cellulose, chitosan, starch, dextran etc.), biophenols (lignins, biobased phenolic compounds, cardanol etc.), triglycerides (oils, glycerol) and hydroxy acid compounds

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Section: Cardanolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphorylation of bio-based compounds: the state of the art

et al. 2015

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“…This result may be caused by the less volatile material in the gas phase and more substance remaining in the condensed phase to form a protective compact char. The fact that the LOI value of phosphorus-containing flame-retardant PVA increased with the increase of the char amount and thermal stability suggests that the action mode of phosphorus might be in the condensed phase. , …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fact that the LOI value of phosphorus-containing flame-retardant PVA increased with the increase of the char amount and thermal stability suggests that the action mode of phosphorus might be in the condensed phase. 36,37 In order to further evaluate the synergistic effect between APP and MMT, theoretical mass loss curves are calculated from a linear combination of their TGA curves for the individual components and compared to the experimental data. Figure 9 shows the TGA curves of pure PVA, PVA/APP/ MMT, and calculated curves of ternary composites, respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Ammonium Polyphosphate Systems Improved Simultaneously Both Fire Retardancy and Mechanical Properties by Montmorillonite

Lin

Wang

et al. 2011

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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The effect of montmorillonite (MMT) used to improve the fire retardancy of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was studied. The limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL-94), cone calorimeter, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to evaluate the effect of the presence of MMT. Compared to that for the PVA/APP composite, the LOI of PVA/APP/MMT composite was increased from 27.9 to 30.8 and UL-94 could reach V-0 when the total loading of flame retardant was 15 wt %. The results from cone calorimeter parameters such as the heat release rate (HRR), the total heat release (THR), and mass loss (ML) showed that the addition of MMT improves the flame retardancy of PVA/APP systems significantly. The TGA data showed that MMT improved the thermal stability of the PVA/APP systems at high temperature. Importantly, mechanical properties such as tensile strength and elongation at break for the PVA/APP composite could be enhanced by the presence of MMT.

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“…In view of current environmental concerns, it is therefore highly desirable to develop new halogen-free FRs that are both safe and can be obtained from renewable and sustainable sources [12,13]. Several biobased materials, such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) [14], β-cyclodextrin [14], organic phosphorus compounds [15], phytic acid [7], polydopamine or tannic acid [12], have been proposed as environmentally friendly FRs. The use of various natural polymers, such as starch, wood flour, chitosan, lignin, and others as FRs has also been demonstrated with the aim of improving both the biodegradability and flame retardancy of polymer materials [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Replacing Harmful Flame Retardants with Biodegradable Starch-Based Materials in Polyethylene Formulations

Carvalho,

Gonçalves,

Mendonça

et al. 2023

Polymers

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The addition of toxic flame retardants to commercially available polymers is often required for safety reasons due to the high flammability of these materials. In this work, the preparation and incorporation of efficient biodegradable starch-based flame retardants into a low-density polyethylene (LDPE) matrix was investigated. Thermoplastic starch was first obtained by plasticizing starch with glycerol/water or glycerol/water/choline phytate to obtain TPS-G and TPS-G-CPA, respectively. Various LDPE/TPS blends were prepared by means of melt blending using polyethylene graft maleic anhydride as a compatibilizer and by varying the content of TPS and a halogenated commercial flame retardant. By replacing 38% and 76% of the harmful commercial flame retardant with safe TPS-G-CPA and TPS-G, respectively, blends with promising fire behavior were obtained, while the limiting oxygen index (LOI ≈ 28%) remained the same. The presence of choline phytate improved both the charring ability and fire retardancy of starch and resulted in a 43% reduction in fire growth index compared to the blend with commercial flame retardant only, as confirmed by means of cone calorimetry. Standard UL 94 vertical tests showed that blends containing TPS exhibited dripping behavior (rated V2), while those with commercial flame retardant were rated V0. Overall, this work demonstrates the potential of starch as a natural flame retardant that could reduce the cost and increase the safety of polymer-based materials.

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Flame retardation of polyethylene: Effect of a phosphorus flame retardant having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups in the same molecule

Cited by 7 publications

References 17 publications

Phosphorylation of bio-based compounds: the state of the art

Phosphorylation of bio-based compounds: the state of the art

Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Ammonium Polyphosphate Systems Improved Simultaneously Both Fire Retardancy and Mechanical Properties by Montmorillonite

Replacing Harmful Flame Retardants with Biodegradable Starch-Based Materials in Polyethylene Formulations

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