Flavan-3-ol and flavonol analysis in healthy and infected parents and progenies of cocoa leaves (Theobroma cacao L.) with Phytophthora megakarya Bras. and Grif

Kouam, Jules Christian Djoko; Ndjaga, Jude Manga; Akoa, Simon Perrez; Ondobo, Martine Louise; Onomo, Pierre Effa; Djocgoue, Pierre François; Niemenak, Nicolas; Collin, Sonia

doi:10.1007/s40858-022-00521-0

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Similarly, a higher content of total flavonols was measured in healthy grape berries than in symptomatic ones infected with Bois noir phytoplasma [41]. In contrast, tissue infected with various viruses or pathogens was found to have more flavonols compared to healthy tissue [42][43][44][45]. The conclusion could be that the response of flavonols, which undoubtedly play an important role in plant defense mechanisms [46] to pathogen infection depends on various factors, such as fungus species and different growth season, because in some cases a higher content of flavonols accumulates in the boundary tissue [42,44,45], which can act as a kind of barrier and stop the growth and development of the fungus [47], although elsewhere the content is higher in the healthy tissue [40] and thus a larger part of the fruit could shift to protection from the pathogen.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Preventive and Curative Effects of Salicylic and Methyl Salicylic Acid Having Antifungal Potential against Monilinia laxa and the Development of Phenolic Response in Apple Peel

Gacnik

Munda

Veberič

et al. 2023

Plants

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The effects of salicylic acid (SA) and one of its better-known derivatives—methyl salicylic acid (MeSA)—on the infection of apple fruits with the fungus Monilinia laxa, which causes brown rot, were investigated. Since research to date has focused on preventive effects, we also focused on the curative use of SA and MeSA. Curative use of SA and MeSA slowed the progression of the infection. In contrast, preventive use was generally unsuccessful. HPLC–MS was used to analyze the content of phenolic compounds in apple peels in healthy and boundary peel tissues around lesions. The boundary tissue around the lesions of untreated infected apple peel had up to 2.2-times higher content of total analyzed phenolics (TAPs) than that in the control. Flavanols, hydroxycinnamic acids and dihydrochalcones were also higher in the boundary tissue. During the curative treatment with salicylates, the ratio of TAP content between healthy and boundary tissue was lower (SA up to 1.2-times higher and MeSA up to 1.3-times higher content of TAPs in boundary compared to those in healthy tissue) at the expense of also increasing the content in healthy tissues. The results confirm that salicylates and infection with the fungus M. laxa cause an increased content of phenolic compounds. Curative use of salicylates has a greater potential than preventive use in infection control.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Preventive and Curative Effects of Salicylic and Methyl Salicylic Acid Having Antifungal Potential against Monilinia laxa and the Development of Phenolic Response in Apple Peel

Gacnik

Munda

Veberič

et al. 2023

Plants

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“…This includes the induction of callus and tylose synthesis and the formation of crystalline structures, which minimizes the expansion of the pathogen by closing the vascular tissues ( Treutter, 2006 ; Mierziak et al., 2014 ). Furthermore, epicatechin that showed the highest fold-change in hybrid poplar Phytophthora response metabolome was recently identified as a putative resistance marker against P. megakarya in leaves of cocoa ( Kouam et al., 2022 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defense mechanisms promoting tolerance to aggressive Phytophthora species in hybrid poplar

et al. 2022

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Poplars are among the fastest-growing trees and significant resources in agriculture and forestry. However, rapid growth requires a large water consumption, and irrigation water provides a natural means for pathogen spread. That includes members of Phytophthora spp. that have proven to be a global enemy to forests. With the known adaptability to new hosts, it is only a matter of time for more aggressive Phytophthora species to become a threat to poplar forests and plantations. Here, the effects of artificial inoculation with two different representatives of aggressive species (P. cactorum and P. plurivora) were analyzed in the proteome of the Phytophthora-tolerant hybrid poplar clone T-14 [Populus tremula L. 70 × (Populus × canescens (Ait.) Sm. 23)]. Wood microcore samples were collected at the active necrosis borders to provide insight into the molecular processes underlying the observed tolerance to Phytophthora. The analysis revealed the impact of Phytophthora on poplar primary and secondary metabolism, including carbohydrate-active enzymes, amino acid biosynthesis, phenolic metabolism, and lipid metabolism, all of which were confirmed by consecutive metabolome and lipidome profiling. Modulations of enzymes indicating systemic response were confirmed by the analysis of leaf proteome, and sampling of wood microcores in distal locations revealed proteins with abundance correlating with proximity to the infection, including germin-like proteins, components of proteosynthesis, glutamate carboxypeptidase, and an enzyme that likely promotes anthocyanin stability. Finally, the identified Phytophthora-responsive proteins were compared to those previously found in trees with compromised defense against Phytophthora, namely, Quercus spp. and Castanea sativa. That provided a subset of candidate markers of Phytophthora tolerance, including certain ribosomal proteins, auxin metabolism enzymes, dioxygenases, polyphenol oxidases, trehalose-phosphate synthase, mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase, and rhamnose biosynthetic enzymes. In summary, this analysis provided the first insight into the molecular mechanisms of hybrid poplar defense against Phytophthora and identified prospective targets for improving Phytophthora tolerance in trees.

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“…[60][61][62] In the present study, the flavonoid metabolite rutin was downregulated under water deficit stress in cacao genotypes with different resistance to stress. Recently, Djoko et al 63 identified a rutin (quercetin-3-O-rhamnoglucoside) isomer in both healthy and Phytophthora megakarya-infected parents and progenies of cacao leaves. Increased accumulation of this molecule was observed during infection, suggesting that rutin could participate in the resistance of T. cacao against biotic stress.…”

Section: Investigation Of the Specific Metabolite Changes In Each Gen...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolome profiling of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) callus under drought stress conditions induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) as osmoticant

Boutchouang,

Fliniaux,

Eyamo

et al. 2024

Phytochemical Analysis

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IntroductionThe cacao tree (Theobroma cacao), a perennial crop that serves as a source of cacao beans, can suffer from drastic climate changes such as irregular rainfall and shorter rainy seasons. The search for hybrids which are capable of producing specific metabolites favoring adaptation in new climatic conditions is a challenge in cacao farming.ObjectivesWe aimed to (1) analyze the metabolic changes in calli of three cacao genotypes during water deficit induced by incubation with polyethylene glycol and (2) assess their response to water deficit stress with regard to somatic embryo differentiation.MethodsMetabolic profiling was carried out using 1H‐NMR spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis was applied to crude extracts of calli grown in non‐stress or water deficit stress conditions.ResultsWater deficit stress influences the capacity of calli to produce embryos. The SCA12 genotype exhibited the best conversion capacity under severe conditions and was considered as tolerant to drought, followed by the SCA6 genotype (mid‐tolerant) and the MA12 genotype (sensitive). Fifty‐four metabolites were identified in the three cacao genotypes and discriminant metabolites were identified. Metabolites involved in water stress tolerance such as fructose, trans‐aconitic acid, leucine, and hydroxybenzene derivatives were observed in SCA12, the tolerant genotype.ConclusionThese results demonstrate the utility of 1H‐NMR metabolomics as an essential tool for the analysis of the drought tolerance characteristics of T. cacao.

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Flavan-3-ol and flavonol analysis in healthy and infected parents and progenies of cocoa leaves (Theobroma cacao L.) with Phytophthora megakarya Bras. and Grif

Cited by 4 publications

References 32 publications

Preventive and Curative Effects of Salicylic and Methyl Salicylic Acid Having Antifungal Potential against Monilinia laxa and the Development of Phenolic Response in Apple Peel

Preventive and Curative Effects of Salicylic and Methyl Salicylic Acid Having Antifungal Potential against Monilinia laxa and the Development of Phenolic Response in Apple Peel

Defense mechanisms promoting tolerance to aggressive Phytophthora species in hybrid poplar

Metabolome profiling of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) callus under drought stress conditions induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) as osmoticant

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