“…The utilizing of chitosan can be maximized by converting to nano form by using the biological pathways, i.e., plant extract ( Saad et al, 2021d ) and microbial synthesis of nanomaterials i.e., bacteria ( Reda et al, 2020 , Reda et al, 2021 , El-Saadony et al, 2020b , Abd El-Hack et al, 2021 , El-Saadony et al, 2022 ) and fungi ( El-Saadony et al, 2021e , El-Saadony et al, 2021f ). These pathways produce eco-friendly and cost-effective nanomaterials of small sizes with valuable biological activity ( Sheiha et al, 2020 , El-Saadony et al, 2021g , El-Saadony et al, 2021h , El-Saadony et al, 2021i ).…”