Flavourings significantly affect inhalation toxicity of aerosol generated from electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS)

Leigh, Noel J.; Lawton, Ralph; Hershberger, Pamela A.; Goniewicz, Maciej Ł.

doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053205

Cited by 217 publications

(243 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…When cells were exposed to 18 mg/mL of nicotine, there was a significant decrease in IL-1β, CXCL1 and CXCL2 versus air controls but when exposed to 24 mg/mL a significant increase in IL-6 was found. 16 Differing results were found in a study by Schweitzer et al Rat lung endothelial cells were exposed to two separate nicotine-containing e-cigarette solutions. 18 Each caused a dose dependent cellular injury seen by decreased barrier function.…”

Section: E-cigarettes and In Vitro Toxicity?mentioning

confidence: 74%

“…Leigh et al explored the effect of artificial flavors on the metabolic activity, as measured by neutral red uptake assay; viability, as measured by trypan blue assay; and the inflammatory cytokine activity, as measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits, of human bronchial cells. 16 Of five artificial flavored aerosols tested, three significantly decreased cell viability and metabolic activity when compared to air controls, while a fourth significantly decreased metabolic activity but had no significant effect on cell viability and the fifth had no effect on either viability or metabolic activity. Two flavors increased the levels of inflammatory cytokines when compared to air controls (IL-1β, IL-10, CXCL1, CXCL2 CXCL10 and IL-6, CXCL1 CXCL2, respectively).…”

Section: E-cigarettes and In Vitro Toxicity?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each carrier solution resulted in a significant increase in the inflammatory cytokine IL-10 with variable increases in the other cytokines tested (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, CXCL1, CXCL2 and CXCL10). 16 In a study by Scheffler et al human bronchial epithelial cells also showed reduced cell viability and higher oxidative stress when exposed to propylene glycol versus clean air. 17 Leigh et al compared the effects of five nicotine concentrations on human bronchial cell viability and metabolic activity with air controls.…”

Section: E-cigarettes and In Vitro Toxicity?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two flavors increased the levels of inflammatory cytokines when compared to air controls (IL-1β, IL-10, CXCL1, CXCL2 CXCL10 and IL-6, CXCL1 CXCL2, respectively). 16 Human bronchial cells were exposed to carrier solutions of propylene glycol only, vegetable glycerin only, and a 50/50 mixture of propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin. Each carrier solution resulted in a significant decrease in cell viability but only two solutions, the 50/50 mixture of propylene glycol and the vegetable glycerin showed a significant decrease in cell metabolic activity.…”

Section: E-cigarettes and In Vitro Toxicity?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electronic cigarettes and lung toxicity

Rodrigues

Deal²,

Nugent³

et al. 2017

SW Resp Crit Care Chron

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Section: E-cigarettes and In Vitro Toxicity?mentioning

confidence: 74%

Section: E-cigarettes and In Vitro Toxicity?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: E-cigarettes and In Vitro Toxicity?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: E-cigarettes and In Vitro Toxicity?mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Electronic cigarettes and lung toxicity

Rodrigues

Deal²,

Nugent³

et al. 2017

SW Resp Crit Care Chron

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show abstract

“…The battery powers the heating element that heats and vapourizes the liquid in the cartridge, which the user, termed "vaper", then inhales. Depending on the type of device, the voltage and power may vary, changing the amount of vapour produced per puff (Rahman et al 2015), as well as the inhalation toxicity of aerosolants (Leigh et al 2016). By designing the EC to appear and work like a CC, the ergonomics appeal to the psychological aspect of smoking addiction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electronic cigarettes—A review of the physiological health effects

Zucchet

Schmaltz

2017

FACETS

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Electronic cigarettes (ECs) are devices that are used recreationally or as smoking cessation tools, and have become increasingly popular in recent years. We conducted a review of the available literature to determine the health effects caused by the use of these devices. A heating element in the EC aerosolizes a solution of propylene glycol, glycerol, nicotine (optional), and flavouring (optional). These compounds are generally harmless on their own. However, upon heating, they produce various carcinogens and irritants. We found that concentrations of these toxicants vary significantly depending on the type of EC device, the type of EC liquid, and the smoking behaviour of the user. Exposure to these vapours can cause inflammation and oxidative damage to in vitro and in vivo cells. EC aerosol can also potentially affect organ systems and especially cardiovascular and lung function. We concluded that EC use causes acute effects on health but not as severe as those of conventional cigarettes (CCs). These devices could, therefore, be of use for smokers of CCs wishing to quit. However, as EC aerosol introduces new toxicants not found in CCs, long-term studies are needed to investigate possible chronic effects associated with EC use.

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Association of Cigarette Type Initially Smoked With Suicidal Behaviors Among Adolescents in Korea From 2015 to 2018

et al. 2021

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IMPORTANCE Assessment of whether past electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use or initiating smoking with e-cigarettes is associated with suicidal behaviors among adolescents is needed to inform future research and public health interventions. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between starting smoking with e-cigarettes or conventional cigarettes and suicidal behaviors among Korean adolescents. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-sectional study analyzed data on adolescents in grades 7 through 12 who participated in the nationwide Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey between 2015 and 2018. EXPOSURES Type of cigarette initially smoked: electronic or conventional. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association between initial cigarette type and suicidal behaviors, including suicidal ideation and suicide planning and attempts. All participants completed questionnaires about their history of suicidal behavior and were categorized into groups according to the type of cigarette used at initiation of smoking and any subsequent change (or lack of change) in the type of cigarette used. RESULTS A total of 255 887 Korean adolescents (51.2% male; mean (SD) age, 15.0 [1.8] years) were included in the primary analysis. Among 131 094 male adolescents, 3310 boys (2.5%) initially used e-cigarettes and 27 368 boys (20.9%) initially used conventional cigarettes. Among 124 793 female adolescents, 952 girls (0.8%) initially used e-cigarettes and 9296 girls (7.4%) initially used conventional cigarettes. Of those who initially used e-cigarettes, 178 of 3310 boys (5.4%) and 134 of 952 girls (14.1%) attempted suicide. Of those who initially used conventional cigarettes, 946 of 27 368 boys (3.5%) and 911 of 9296 girls (9.8%) attempted suicide. Adolescents who initially used e-cigarettes had a higher risk of suicidal behaviors, including suicide planning (boys: adjusted odds

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Flavourings significantly affect inhalation toxicity of aerosol generated from electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS)

Cited by 217 publications

References 23 publications

Electronic cigarettes and lung toxicity

Electronic cigarettes and lung toxicity

Electronic cigarettes—A review of the physiological health effects

Association of Cigarette Type Initially Smoked With Suicidal Behaviors Among Adolescents in Korea From 2015 to 2018

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