Flexible Bionanocomposites from Epoxidized Hemp Seed Oil Thermosetting Resin Reinforced with Halloysite Nanotubes

Abstract

Hemp seed (Cannabis sativa L.) oil comprises a variety of beneficial unsaturated triglycerides with well-documented nutritional and health benefits. However, it can become rancid over a relatively short time period, leading to increased industrial costs and waste of a valuable product. The development of sustainable polymers is presented as a strategy, where both the presence of unsaturation and peroxide content could be effectively used to alleviate both the waste and financial burden. After the reaction with peroxyacetic acid, the incorporation of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), and the subsequent thermal curing, without the need for organic solvents or interfacial modifiers, flexible transparent materials with a low glass-transition temperature were developed. The improvement in the thermal stability and both the static and dynamic mechanical properties of the bionanocomposites were significantly enhanced with the well-dispersed HNT filler. At an optimum concentration of 0.5 wt % HNTs, a simultaneous increase in stiffness, strength, ductility, and toughness was observed in comparison to the unfilled cured resin. These sustainable food-waste-derived bionanocomposites may provide an interesting alternative to petroleum-based materials, particularly for low-load-bearing applications, such as packaging.

Development of Polylactic Acid Thermoplastic Starch Formulations Using Maleinized Hemp Oil as Biobased Plasticizer

“…Moreover, HO can be easily obtained by cold-pressing the seeds or using organic solvents [ 33 ] and is characterized by a high content of linoleic (n-6) and α-linolenic (n-3) fatty acids [ 34 ]. Due to its high unsaturation content, the HO allows a wide variety of chemical modifications, such as epoxidation, acrylation, hydroxylation or maleinization [ 35 , 36 ]. These modifications increase the vegetable oil’s reactivity by improving its interaction with the polymeric matrix, giving it a greater plasticizing effect than unmodified vegetable oil.…”

Reactive toughening of injection-molded polylactide pieces using maleinized hemp seed oil

“…that makes it interesting for polymer synthesis, modification, and composite manufacturing [38][39][40][41][42]. Shuttleworth et al [43] have recently reported the fabrication of flexible bio-based nanocomposites from epoxidized hemp seed oil (EHO) as thermosetting resin with halloysite nanotubes (HNTs). Manthey et al [40] reported interesting green composites based on EHO thermosetting matrix and hemp fiber reinforcement.…”

Behavior of epoxy resin filled with nano‐SiO2 treated with a Eugenol epoxy silane

“…To improve epoxy resins' comprehensive properties (mechanical properties, rheological properties, electrical, and thermal conductivity, etc.) and reduce costs, fillers are often required, such as, silica particles, [6][7][8] carbon nanotubes, [9][10][11][12] rubber particles. 13 In this context, because of the high Si O bond energy, which causes the particularly high-thermal stability of nano-SiO 2 , nano-SiO 2 particles are widely used to enhance the heat-resistant properties and mechanical properties of epoxy resins.…”