“…Other relevant studies on DRTs address the coordination between design of the passenger rail service, station spacing, the design of bus routes, and headways using integrated, robust, and bi-level programming optimization [22][23][24][25]. The above varieties of DRTs are addressed from various objectives, including minimizing the operating costs of the fleet [3,11,26], the shortest length or travel time of the route [27,28], the minimal fleet size required for shuttle service [1,22], ride time, and waiting time of passengers [4,15]. Fortunately, these objectives normally do not affect the properties of DRTs and, thus, similar models and algorithms can be adopted to solve the problem with different objectives.…”