Flexible organic solar cells using an oxide/metal/oxide trilayer as transparent electrode

Cao, Weiran; Zheng, Ying; Li, Zhifeng; Wrzesniewski, Edward; Hammond, William T.; Xue, Jiangeng

doi:10.1016/j.orgel.2012.05.047

Cited by 92 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…[114][115][116][117] In these DMD electrodes, the intermediate thin metal layer provides the electrical conductance for the entire structure, whereas the two dielectric layers improve the overall transparency due to optical interference within the multilayer structure and the surface plasmonic effects at the two metal/dielectric interfaces. 44,[118][119][120] As shown in Figs. 4(b) and 4(c), an MoO x ∕Au∕MoO x structure shows a maximum transmittance of T ¼ 80% at λ ¼ 650 nm (the corresponding reflectance is R ¼ 5%), which is about two times higher than that of the bare Au layer (T ¼ 40% and R ¼ 25%).…”

Section: Dielectric/thin-metal/dielectric Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…As reported in previous literature, microcracks were observed in ITO thin layers after repeated flexing and large angle bending, leading to a dramatic decrease in film conductance as well as device performance. 44,48,88 Though there are companies and research groups working on methods to engineer the ITO film quality, such as varying the deposition methods and modifying the indium to tin ratio, it is still a great challenge to fully solve this problem.…”

Section: Transparent Conductive Oxidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transparent electrodes for organic optoelectronic devices: a review

et al. 2014

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Abstract. Transparent conductive electrodes are one of the essential components for organic optoelectronic devices, including photovoltaic cells and light-emitting diodes. Indium-tin oxide (ITO) is the most common transparent electrode in these devices due to its excellent optical and electrical properties. However, the manufacturing of ITO film requires precious raw materials and expensive processes, which limits their compatibility with mass production of large-area, low-cost devices. The optical/electrical properties of ITO are strongly dependent on the deposition processes and treatment conditions, whereas its brittleness and the potential damage to underlying films during deposition also present challenges for its use in flexible devices. Recently, several other transparent conductive materials, which have various degrees of success relative to commercial applications have been developed to address these issues. Starting from the basic properties of ITO and the effect of various ITO surface modification methods, here we review four different groups of materials, doped metal oxides, thin metals, conducting polymers, and nanomaterials (including carbon nanotubes, graphene, and metal nanowires), that have been reported as transparent electrodes in organic optoelectronic materials. Particular emphasis is given to their optical/electrical and other material properties, deposition techniques, and applications in organic optoelectronic devices.

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Section: Dielectric/thin-metal/dielectric Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Transparent Conductive Oxidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transparent electrodes for organic optoelectronic devices: a review

et al. 2014

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“…As shown in Figure 2, the MoO 3 capping layer enhances the transmittance at visible region. It has been experimentally and computationally suggested that the optical interference effect arising from the two transparent MoO 3 layers sandwiching the thin Au layer is a significant cause for the higher transparency of the MoO 3 /Au/MoO 3 structure than that of a single thin Au layer [20]. Therefore, MoO 3 /Au/MoO 3 electrode is better suited for the semitransparent solar cells than MoO 3 /Au due to the higher transmittance up to 73% at 550 nm.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Semitransparent Inverted Organic Solar Cells Using an Oxide/metal/oxide Transparent Anode

Fujii

Hashiba

Shimizu

et al. 2016

J. Photopol. Sci. Technol.

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Semitransparent inverted bulk-heterojunction solar cells were fabricated on an ITO/glass substrate utilizing oxide/metal/oxide transparent anode. The device structure was glass/ITO/PFN/PTB7:PC 71 BM/MoO 3 /Au/MoO 3 . The semitransparent solar cell showed a transparency of 44% at 550 nm and bifacial power generation at both front and backside illumination. The power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) with light illuminated from ITO or Au/MoO 3 side were 2.8% and 2.3%, respectively. Fabrication of stacking structure of two separated solar cells was further demonstrated to harvest an increased amount of photons and enhance the PCEs. The stacked cells showed a transmittance of 17 % at 550 nm and improved PCE of 3.3% when connecting two cells in parallel. Keyword: semitransparent organic solar cells, bulk-heterojunction, PTB7, PC71BM, oxide/metal/oxide electrode

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“…Although the cost of AZO or GZO is lower than ITO, their similar brittleness and high-temperature sputter process are also undesirable. Meanwhile, the relatively large surface roughness of Ag nanowire, graphene, and carbon nanotube electrodes limits the carrier transport in devices [22,24,28]. Additionally, the complex preparation of these film electrodes is unsuitable for large-scale fabrication of OSCs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the contrary, a metal thin film (for example Ag) can be easily fabricated by thermal evaporation. Moreover, due to their low absorption in the visible spectrum, high conductivity, smooth surface, and ductile nature, metal thin film electrodes are promising to be used for roll-to-roll mass production of OSCs [28]. Thus, more and more works are devoted to the research interest of transparent metal electrodes [28][29][30][31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Inverted ITO-Free Organic Solar Cells Based on Transparent Silver Electrode with Aqueous Solution-Processed ZnO Interlayer

Wang

Chen

Zhang

et al. 2017

International Journal of Photoenergy

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Efficient inverted organic solar cells (OSCs) with the MoO 3 (2 nm)/Ag (12 nm) transparent cathode and an aqueous solution ZnO electron extraction layer processed at low temperature are investigated in this work. The blend of low bandgap poly [[4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)and [6,6]-phenyl-C 71 -butyric acid methylester (PC 71 BM) is employed as the photoactive layer here. A power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.55% is achieved for such indium tin oxide-(ITO-) free OSCs under AM 1.5G simulated illumination, comparable to that of ITO-based reference OSCs (PCE of 6.11%). It is found that this ZnO interlayer not only slightly enhances the transparency of MoO 3 /Ag cathode but also obtains a lower root-mean-square (RMS) roughness on the MoO 3 /Ag surface. Meanwhile, ITO-free OSCs also show a good stability. The PCE of the devices still remains above 85% of the original values after 30 days, which is slightly superior to ITO-based reference OSCs where the 16% degradation in PCE is observed after 30 days. It may be instructive for further research of OSCs based on metal thin film electrodes.

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Flexible organic solar cells using an oxide/metal/oxide trilayer as transparent electrode

Cited by 92 publications

References 53 publications

Transparent electrodes for organic optoelectronic devices: a review

Transparent electrodes for organic optoelectronic devices: a review

Semitransparent Inverted Organic Solar Cells Using an Oxide/metal/oxide Transparent Anode

Efficient Inverted ITO-Free Organic Solar Cells Based on Transparent Silver Electrode with Aqueous Solution-Processed ZnO Interlayer

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