Flocculation: An effective way to harvest microalgae for biodiesel production

Mubarak, M.; Shaija, A.; Suchithra, T. V.

doi:10.1016/j.jece.2019.103221

Cited by 87 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…Third-generation biodiesel from microalgae represents a viable option with its capacity to rapidly accumulate lipid and opportunities for year-round harvesting cycles, the ability of microalgae to double their biomass weight quickly, and microalgae's ease in utilizing sunlight, water, and CO 2 (Mubarak et al, 2019;Yin et al, 2020). Table 1 shows the advantages and disadvantages of microalgae-based fuel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies to Produce Cost-Effective Third-Generation Biofuel From Microalgae

et al. 2021

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Third-generation biofuel produced from microalgae is a viable solution to global energy insecurity and climate change. Despite an annual current global algal biomass production of 38 million litres, commercialization confronts significant economic challenges. However, cost minimization strategies, particularly for microalgae cultivation, have largely been excluded from recent studies. Therefore, this review provides essential insights into the technologies and economics of cost minimization strategies for large-scale applications. Cultivation of microalgae through aquafarming, in wastewater, or for biogas upgrading, and co-production of value-added products (VAPs) such as photo-bioreactors, protein, astaxanthin, and exopolysaccharides can drastically reduce biodiesel production costs. For instance, the co-production of photo-bioreactors and astaxanthin can reduce the cost of biodiesel production from $3.90 to $0.54 per litre. Though many technical challenges need to be addressed, the economic analysis reveals that incorporating such cost-effective strategies can make the biorefinery concept feasible and profitable. The cost of producing microalgal biodiesel can be lowered to $0.73kg−1 dry weight when cultivated in wastewater or $0.54L−1 when co-produced with VAPs. Most importantly, access to co-product markets with higher VAPs needs to be encouraged as the global market for microalgae-based VAPs is estimated to rise to $53.43 billion in 2026. Therefore, policies that incentivize research and development, as well as the production and consumption of microalgae-based biodiesel, are important to reduce the large gap in production cost that persists between biodiesel and petroleum diesel.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies to Produce Cost-Effective Third-Generation Biofuel From Microalgae

et al. 2021

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“…Furthermore, natural coagulants have also been proven by other researchers as an effective way to harvest microalgae. It was found that the usage of bio-coagulants for harvesting microalgae could eliminate the toxicity contamination on harvested microalgae biomass [127]. The study carried out by Tran et al [128] to harvest Chlorella vulgaris with alkyl-grafted chiton Fe 3 O 4 -SiO 2 showed 90% of biomass removal by merely employing 0.013g•L −1 dosage.…”

Section: Application Of Natural Coagulant In Microalgae Harvestingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On another note, the main drawback of utilising natural coagulant in industries is their low availability for large scale employment [2] as compared with alum. It had been reported by Mubarak et al [127] on the suitability for large-scale application of natural coagulant and it is limited by the cost of preparation. This has directly led to the necessity of cost assessment on life cycle and cost analysis of different natural coagulants and to compare with alum as depicted in Table 5 [127,129].…”

Section: Cost Analysis Of Natural Coagulants In Microalgae Harvestingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It had been reported by Mubarak et al [127] on the suitability for large-scale application of natural coagulant and it is limited by the cost of preparation. This has directly led to the necessity of cost assessment on life cycle and cost analysis of different natural coagulants and to compare with alum as depicted in Table 5 [127,129]. Although the cost analysis by Behera and Balasubramanian [129] showed that the plant-based natural coagulant was relatively cheaper as compared with alum and chitosan in harvesting with a basis of a unit MT of microalgae, it only covered the cost of the harvesting process.…”

Section: Cost Analysis Of Natural Coagulants In Microalgae Harvestingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Insight on Extraction and Characterisation of Biopolymers as the Green Coagulants for Microalgae Harvesting

Ang

Kiatkittipong

et al. 2020

Water

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This review presents the extractions, characterisations, applications and economic analyses of natural coagulant in separating pollutants and microalgae from water medium, known as microalgae harvesting. The promising future of microalgae as a next-generation energy source is reviewed and the significant drawbacks of conventional microalgae harvesting using alum are evaluated. The performances of natural coagulant in microalgae harvesting are studied and proven to exceed the alum. In addition, the details of each processing stage in the extraction of natural coagulant (plant, microbial and animal) are comprehensively discussed with justifications. This information could contribute to future exploration of novel natural coagulants by providing description of optimised extraction steps for a number of natural coagulants. Besides, the characterisations of natural coagulants have garnered a great deal of attention, and the strategies to enhance the flocculating activity based on their characteristics are discussed. Several important characterisations have been tabulated in this review such as physical aspects, including surface morphology and surface charges; chemical aspects, including molecular weight, functional group and elemental properties; and thermal stability parameters including thermogravimetry analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Furthermore, various applications of natural coagulant in the industries other than microalgae harvesting are revealed. The cost analysis of natural coagulant application in mass harvesting of microalgae is allowed to evaluate its feasibility towards commercialisation in the industrial. Last, the potentially new natural coagulants, which are yet to be exploited and applied, are listed as the additional information for future study.

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“…The additional ─SO 3 H in the SCC along with their original phenolic (─OH) and carboxylic groups (─COOH) plays a significant role in enhancing the catalytic performance. [6] Today, most of the published reviews related to the biodiesel production are concentrated on the different types of raw materials sources (e.g., microalgae, [14] Jatropha curcas, [15] municipal sewage sludge, [16] fat, oil, and grease, [17] waste frying oils, [18] nonedible oil sources, [19] safflower [Carthamus tinctorius L.] oil, [20] urban wastewater-derived lipids, [21] stone fruit kernel oil, papaya seed oil, [22] etc. ), preparation technologies of biodiesel, [23] opportunities for improving biodiesel production, [24] catalysts used, [23] production of biodiesel at supercritical condition, [25] and so on.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

State‐of‐the‐Art of the Synthesis and Applications of Sulfonated Carbon‐Based Catalysts for Biodiesel Production: a Review

Chong¹,

Cheng²,

Lam

et al. 2021

Energy Tech

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Sulfonated carbon‐based catalysts (SCC) are favorable heterogeneous acids for acid‐catalyzed reactions including esterification and transesterification for biodiesel production. They are covalently functionalized with SO3H groups via CPhSO3H or CSO3H linkages with special carbon structures. To date, the types of SCC for biodiesel production ranges from biochar (BC), activated carbon (AC), graphene, graphite oxides, multiwalled carbon nanotubes, order mesoporous carbon, and graphitic carbon nitride. Lignocellulosic and biomass wastes are important carbon precursors for low‐cost BC and AC production. This review critically reviews and summarizes the most up‐to‐date research progress in the evolution of SCC for biodiesel production. Systematic discussions and comparisons on the different carbon materials, preparation methods, and sulfonation preparation parameters which directly affect the physicochemical attributes and catalytic performance are provided. The applications and reusability studies of these materials in biodiesel production are also included. Finally, the challenges to be addressed and future prospects of the research direction on the applications of SCC for biodiesel production are discussed.

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Flocculation: An effective way to harvest microalgae for biodiesel production

Cited by 87 publications

References 93 publications

Strategies to Produce Cost-Effective Third-Generation Biofuel From Microalgae

Strategies to Produce Cost-Effective Third-Generation Biofuel From Microalgae

Insight on Extraction and Characterisation of Biopolymers as the Green Coagulants for Microalgae Harvesting

State‐of‐the‐Art of the Synthesis and Applications of Sulfonated Carbon‐Based Catalysts for Biodiesel Production: a Review

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