FlopCoin: A Cryptocurrency for Computation Offloading

Chatzopoulos, Dimitris; Ahmadi, Mahdieh; Kosta, Sokol; Hui, Pan

doi:10.1109/tmc.2017.2748133

Cited by 68 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Therefore, blockchain networks are able to work as the backbone of autonomous organization systems for managing data or transaction-driven interactions among the decentralized entities in the network. On top of the virtual computer layer, the application layer provides the end-user-visible interfaces such as Distributed Applications (DApps) [41], [42] and cryptocurrencies.…”

Section: Protocol Overview and Preliminaries A Overview Of Blockmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey on Consensus Mechanisms and Mining Strategy Management in Blockchain Networks

et al. 2019

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The past decade has witnessed the rapid evolution in blockchain technologies, which has attracted tremendous interests from both the research communities and industries. The blockchain network was originated from the Internet financial sector as a decentralized, immutable ledger system for transactional data ordering. Nowadays, it is envisioned as a powerful backbone/framework for decentralized data processing and datadriven self-organization in flat, open-access networks. In particular, the plausible characteristics of decentralization, immutability and self-organization are primarily owing to the unique decentralized consensus mechanisms introduced by blockchain networks. This survey is motivated by the lack of a comprehensive literature review on the development of decentralized consensus mechanisms in blockchain networks. In this survey, we provide a systematic vision of the organization of blockchain networks. By emphasizing the unique characteristics of incentivized consensus in blockchain networks, our in-depth review of the state-ofthe-art consensus protocols is focused on both the perspective of distributed consensus system design and the perspective of incentive mechanism design. From a game-theoretic point of view, we also provide a thorough review on the strategy adoption for self-organization by the individual nodes in the blockchain backbone networks. Consequently, we provide a comprehensive survey on the emerging applications of the blockchain networks in a wide range of areas. We highlight our special interest in how the consensus mechanisms impact these applications. Finally, we discuss several open issues in the protocol design for blockchain consensus and the related potential research directions.

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Section: Protocol Overview and Preliminaries A Overview Of Blockmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey on Consensus Mechanisms and Mining Strategy Management in Blockchain Networks

et al. 2019

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“…To date, a line of literature study the DAO in wireless networking based on the public blockchain. The authors in [4] established a trading platform for Deviceto-Device (D2D) computation offloading based on a dedicated cryptocurrency network. They introduced smart contract-based auctions between neighbor D2D nodes to execute resource offloading and offload the block mining tasks to the cloudlets.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…B Y contrast to traditional currencies, cryptocurrencies are traded among participants over a peer-to-peer (P2P) network without relying on third parties such as banks or financial regulatory authorities [1]. As the backbone technology of decentralized cryptocurrencies, blockchain has also heralded many applications in various fields, such as finance [2], Internet of Things (IoT) [3] and resource offloading [4]. According to the market research firm Tractica's report, it is estimated that the annual revenue for enterprise applications of blockchain will increase to $19.9 billion by 2025 [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Auction Mechanisms in Cloud/Fog Computing Resource Allocation for Public Blockchain Networks

Jiao

Wang

Niyato

et al. 2019

IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst.

221

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As an emerging decentralized secure data management platform, blockchain has gained much popularity recently. To maintain a canonical state of blockchain data record, proof-ofwork based consensus protocols provide the nodes, referred to as miners, in the network with incentives for confirming new block of transactions through a process of "block mining" by solving a cryptographic puzzle. Under the circumstance of limited local computing resources, e.g., mobile devices, it is natural for rational miners, i.e., consensus nodes, to offload computational tasks for proof of work to the cloud/fog computing servers. Therefore, we focus on the trading between the cloud/fog computing service provider and miners, and propose an auction-based market model for efficient computing resource allocation. In particular, we consider a proof-of-work based blockchain network, which is constrained by the computing resource and deployed as an infrastructure for decentralized data management applications. Due to the competition among miners in the blockchain network, the allocative externalities are particularly taken into account when designing the auction mechanisms. Specifically, we consider two bidding schemes: the constant-demand scheme where each miner bids for a fixed quantity of resources, and the multidemand scheme where the miners can submit their preferable demands and bids. For the constant-demand bidding scheme, we propose an auction mechanism that achieves optimal social welfare. In the multi-demand bidding scheme, the social welfare maximization problem is NP-hard. Therefore, we design an approximate algorithm which guarantees the truthfulness, individual rationality and computational efficiency. Through extensive simulations, we show that our proposed auction mechanisms with the two bidding schemes can efficiently maximize the social welfare of the blockchain network and provide effective strategies for the cloud/fog computing service provider.

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“…With the growing popularity of cryptocurrencies in recent years, the latter strategy, that is, the use of virtual currency, is attracting significant attention [13], [15]. For instance, recently, the authors in [13] proposed a virtual currency to be used for computation offloading in adhoc networks in which the users offload their tasks to other remote entities. A virtual currency similar to the one proposed in [13] can be employed in our network, however, in the present work, our focus is on the network formation rather than a token or a virtual currency design.…”

Section: State Of the Art And Main Contributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy and Social Cost Minimization for Data Dissemination in Wireless Networks: Centralized and Decentralized Approaches

Mousavi

Klein

2020

IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.

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We study multi-hop data-dissemination in a wireless network from one source to multiple nodes where some of the nodes of the network act as re-transmitting nodes and help the source in data dissemination. In this network, we study two scenarios; i) the transmitting nodes do not need an incentive and ii) they do need an incentive and are paid by their corresponding receiving nodes by virtual tokens. We investigate two problems; P1) network power minimization for the first scenario and P2) social cost minimization for the second scenario, defined as the total cost paid by the nodes of the network for receiving data. In this paper, we propose centralized and decentralized approaches for each of the problems. The proposed decentralized approach is based on a non-cooperative cost-sharing game (CSG). In our proposed game, every receiving node chooses its respective transmitting nodes and consequently, a cost is assigned to it according to the power imposed on its chosen transmitting nodes. For the sake of energy efficiency, in our model, we employ maximal-ratio combining (MRC) at the receivers so that a receiver can be served by multiple transmitters. Moreover, besides the radio-link power, we capture the power required by the passive modules of wireless devices involved in reception/transmission. We discuss how the network is formed in a decentralized way, find the actions of the nodes in the game and show that the proposed game reaches a Nash equilibrium. To find the centralized global optimum, which is a benchmark to our decentralized approach, we use a mixed-integer-liner-program (MILP). The proposed MILP can be used for both of the problems P1 and P2 with a minor change. Simulation results show that our proposed decentralized approach outperforms the conventional algorithms in terms of energy efficiency and social cost while it can address the need for an incentive for collaboration. 1

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FlopCoin: A Cryptocurrency for Computation Offloading

Cited by 68 publications

References 48 publications

A Survey on Consensus Mechanisms and Mining Strategy Management in Blockchain Networks

A Survey on Consensus Mechanisms and Mining Strategy Management in Blockchain Networks

Auction Mechanisms in Cloud/Fog Computing Resource Allocation for Public Blockchain Networks

Energy and Social Cost Minimization for Data Dissemination in Wireless Networks: Centralized and Decentralized Approaches

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