Flow Cytometry Identifies Risk Factors and Dynamic Changes in Patients with COVID-19

Maturation of T and B Lymphocytes in the Assessment of the Immune Status in COVID-19 Patients

“…We found a lower proportion of T lymphocytes (CD4+ and CD8+ subsets), B lymphocytes, eosinophils and basophils in COVID-19 X-ray (+) patients than in healthy controls but we did not observe the differences in absolute number of analyzed leukocytes subpopulations between patients with and without lung lesions on chest X-ray. The results of other researchers confirmed our observations [10,14]. Moreover, they have shown that decreased of absolute number of leukocytes may be associated with the severity of the disease.…”

“…Some research has suggested that the decreased number of mononuclear cells in the blood may be due to their migration directly to the infected lungs [13]. The differences in the percentage or absolute number of basic leukocyte subpopulations may be related to the severity of the disease and manifest themselves only in severe forms of COVID-19 infection [14,15].…”

The dynamic changes in cytokine responses in COVID-19: a snapshot of the current state of knowledge

“…A striking observation in this study was the reduced numbers of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells in patients with COVID-19. T lymphopenia was evident even in patients with mild symptoms, and it reached extreme deficits in those with severe disease 9 . The underlying cause of T cell loss is not known and will be an important area of future research.…”

“…Further studies are required to understand the contributions of such contrasting immune responses to the course of COVID-19. Finally, Notarangelo provided evidence that reduced expression of HLA-DR and CD4 on peripheral blood monocytes (the former a biomarker of antigen-presenting capacity) correlated with disease severity 9 . By impairing antigen presentation and the consequent activation of T cells, this cellular phenotype could attenuate effective responses during SARS-CoV-2 infection.…”

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“…As CD8+ T-cell levels are negatively correlated with inflammatory indicators ESR, CRP, and IL-6, these cells might be a potential predictor for disease severity and clinical efficacy in SARS-CoV-2 infection [10]. Moreover, flow cytometry analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) phenotype may help predict the risk of clinical progression of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and more effective adaptive immune responses [11].…”