Flow-mediated dilation is modified by exercise training status during childhood and adolescence: preliminary evidence of the youth athlete’s artery

Abstract

Chronic exercise training is associated with an 'athlete's artery' phenotype in young adults and an attenuated age-related decline in endothelium-dependent arterial function. Adolescence is associated with an influx of sex-specific hormones that may exert divergent effects on endothelial function, but whether training adaptations interact with biological maturation to produce a 'youth athlete's artery' has not been explored. We investigated the influence of exercise training-status on endothelium-dependent arterial function during childhood and adolescence. Brachial artery flow mediated dilation (FMD) was assessed in n=102 exercise-trained (males: n=25, females: n=29) and untrained (males: n=23, females: n=25) youths, characterised as pre- (males: n=25, females: n=26) or post- (males: n=23, females: n=28) predicted age at peak height velocity (PHV). Baseline brachial artery diameter was larger in post- compared to pre-PHV youths ( P≤0.001), males compared to females ( P≤0.001), and trained compared to untrained youths (3.26 ± 0.51mm vs 3.11 ± 0.42mm; P=0.041). Brachial FMD was similar in pre- and post-PHV youths ( P=0.298), and males and females ( P=0.946). However, exercise trained youths demonstrated higher FMD when compared to untrained counterparts (5.3 ± 3.3% vs 3.0 ± 2.6%; P≤0.001). Furthermore, brachial artery diameter ( r2=0.142; P=0.007 vs r2=0.004; P=0.652) and FMD ( r2=0.138; P=0.008 vs r2=0.003; P=0.706) were positively associated with cardiorespiratory fitness in post-, but not pre-PHV youths, respectively. Collectively, our data indicate that exercise training is associated with brachial artery remodeling and enhanced endothelial function during youth. However, arterial remodeling and endothelium-dependent function are only associated with elevated cardiorespiratory fitness during later stages of adolescence.