FLOWERING LOCUS C Encodes a Novel MADS Domain Protein That Acts as a Repressor of Flowering

Michaels, Scott D.; Amasino, Richard M.

doi:10.2307/3870827

Cited by 659 publications

(1,148 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…AGL27 is similar in sequence and expression pattern to FLC (Alvarez-Buylla et al, 2000b), whereas the RNA-binding protein is related in sequence to FCA. Both FLC and FCA have previously been shown to regulate¯owering time (Macknight et al, 1997;Michaels and Amasino, 1999;Sheldon et al, 1999). The fact that all these genes are expressed in patterns that overlap that of AP1 is consistent with the idea that the observed interactions re¯ect in vivo functions.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

APETALA1 and SEPALLATA3 interact to promote flower development

et al. 2001

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SummaryIn Arabidopsis, the closely related APETALA1 (AP1) and CAULIFLOWER (CAL) MADS-box genes share overlapping roles in promoting¯ower meristem identity. Later in¯ower development, the AP1 gene is required for normal development of sepals and petals. Studies of MADS-domain proteins in diverse species have shown that they often function as heterodimers or in larger ternary complexes, suggesting that additional proteins may interact with AP1 and CAL during¯ower development. To identify proteins that may interact with AP1 and CAL, we used the yeast two-hybrid assay. Among the ®ve MADS-box genes identi®ed in this screen, the SEPALLATA3 (SEP3) gene was chosen for further study. Mutations in the SEP3 gene, as well as SEP3 antisense plants that have a reduction in SEP3 RNA, display phenotypes that closely resemble intermediate alleles of AP1. Furthermore, the early¯owering phenotype of plants constitutively expressing AP1 is signi®cantly enhanced by constitutive SEP3 expression. Taken together, these studies suggest that SEP3 interacts with AP1 to promote normal¯ower development.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

APETALA1 and SEPALLATA3 interact to promote flower development

et al. 2001

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“…In A. thaliana , FLC expression is stably repressed during vernalization, so that upon return to warm temperatures, its expression stays low ensuring that the plant is stably induced to flower (Michaels & Amasino 1999; Bastow et al . 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…FLC is a MADS box transcription factor that delays flowering before vernalization (Michaels & Amasino 1999; Sheldon et al . 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Divergence of annual and perennial species in the Brassicaceae and the contribution of cis‐acting variation at FLC orthologues

Kiefer

Severing

Karl³

et al. 2017

Molecular Ecology

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Variation in life history contributes to reproductive success in different environments. Divergence of annual and perennial angiosperm species is an extreme example that has occurred frequently. Perennials survive for several years and restrict the duration of reproduction by cycling between vegetative growth and flowering, whereas annuals live for 1 year and flower once. We used the tribe Arabideae (Brassicaceae) to study the divergence of seasonal flowering behaviour among annual and perennial species. In perennial Brassicaceae, orthologues of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), a floral inhibitor in Arabidopsis thaliana, are repressed by winter cold and reactivated in spring conferring seasonal flowering patterns, whereas in annuals, they are stably repressed by cold. We isolated FLC orthologues from three annual and two perennial Arabis species and found that the duplicated structure of the A. alpina locus is not required for perenniality. The expression patterns of the genes differed between annuals and perennials, as observed among Arabidopsis species, suggesting a broad relevance of these patterns within the Brassicaceae. Also analysis of plants derived from an interspecies cross of A. alpina and annual A. montbretiana demonstrated that cis‐regulatory changes in FLC orthologues contribute to their different transcriptional patterns. Sequence comparisons of FLC orthologues from annuals and perennials in the tribes Arabideae and Camelineae identified two regulatory regions in the first intron whose sequence variation correlates with divergence of the annual and perennial expression patterns. Thus, we propose that related cis‐acting changes in FLC orthologues occur independently in different tribes of the Brassicaceae during life history evolution.

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“…In addition, fve mutations caused an increase in the steady state level of the FLC transcript (Fig. 1c), which can be reverted by vernalization 3,4 . For further insight into the regulation of flowering time by the autonomous pathway, we cloned the gene FVE with a map-based approach ( Supplementary Fig.…”

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confidence: 95%

“…Mutations in these genes increase levels of FLC mRNA, resulting in a photoperiod-independent flowering delay. The increased FLC expression and late flowering of plants with mutations of the autonomous pathway can be reverted by vernalization 3,4 , and flc null mutations completely correct the late flowering of plants with mutations of this pathway 8 . These effects indicate that the primary function of the autonomous pathway is the negative regulation of FLC.…”

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Regulation of flowering time by FVE, a retinoblastoma-associated protein

et al. 2004

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The initiation of flowering in plants is controlled by environmental and endogenous signals 1,2 . Molecular analysis of this process in Arabidopsis thaliana indicates that environmental control is exerted through the photoperiod and vernalization pathways, whereas endogenous signals regulate the autonomous and gibberellin pathways. The vernalization and autonomous pathways converge on the negative regulation of FLC 3,4 , a gene encoding a MADS-box protein that inhibits flowering 3,4 . We cloned FVE, a component of the autonomous pathway that encodes AtMSI4, a putative retinoblastomaassociated protein. FVE interacted with retinoblastoma protein in immunoprecipitation assays, and FLC chromatin was enriched in acetylated histones in fve mutants. We conclude that FVE participates in a protein complex repressing FLC transcription through a histone deacetylation mechanism. Our data provide genetic evidence of a new developmental function of these conserved proteins and identify a new genetic mechanism in the regulation of flowering. shown in the upper part, capital letters correspond to the wild-type or mutated nucleotides. In the protein schematic, gray boxes represent WD repeats, the narrow black box represents a putative nuclear localization signal and the asterisk indicates a putative retinoblastoma-binding motif.

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FLOWERING LOCUS C Encodes a Novel MADS Domain Protein That Acts as a Repressor of Flowering

Cited by 659 publications

References 16 publications

APETALA1 and SEPALLATA3 interact to promote flower development

APETALA1 and SEPALLATA3 interact to promote flower development

Divergence of annual and perennial species in the Brassicaceae and the contribution of cis‐acting variation at FLC orthologues

Regulation of flowering time by FVE, a retinoblastoma-associated protein

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