Fluid movement in bone: Theoretical and empirical

Dillaman, Richard M.; Roer, Robert D.; Gay, D. M.

doi:10.1016/0021-9290(91)90386-2

Cited by 132 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Motion of this fluid is driven through two distinct sources. The first source of interstitial fluid flow is the pressure differential of the circulatory system (Dillaman et al, 1991;Keanini et al, 1995) and the second source is the externally applied mechanical loading (Piekarski and Munro, 1977). When bone is loaded, fluid is forced out of regions of high compressive strains, returning when the load is removed.…”

Section: What Mechanical Factors Are Generated By Loading?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular pathways mediating mechanical signaling in bone

Rubin

Jacobs

2006

Gene

402

303

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Bone tissue has the capacity to adapt to its functional environment such that its morphology is "optimized" for the mechanical demand. The adaptive nature of the skeleton poses an interesting set of biological questions (e.g., how does bone sense mechanical signals, what cells are the sensing system, what are the mechanical signals that drive the system, what receptors are responsible for transducing the mechanical signal, what are the molecular responses to the mechanical stimuli). Studies of the characteristics of the mechanical environment at the cellular level, the forces that bone cells recognize, and the integrated cellular responses are providing new information at an accelerating speed. This review first considers the mechanical factors that are generated by loading in the skeleton, including strain, stress and pressure. Mechanosensitive cells placed to recognize these forces in the skeleton, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes and cells of the vasculature are reviewed. The identity of the mechanoreceptor(s) is approached, with consideration of ion channels, integrins, connexins, the lipid membrane including caveolar and noncaveolar lipid rafts and the possibility that altering cell shape at the membrane or cytoskeleton alters integral signaling protein associations. The distal intracellular signaling systems on-line after the mechanoreceptor is activated are reviewed, including those emanating from G-proteins (e.g., intracellular calcium shifts), MAPKs, and nitric oxide. The ability to harness mechanical signals to improve bone health through devices and exercise is broached. Increased appreciation of the importance of the mechanical environment in regulating and determining the structural efficacy of the skeleton makes this an exciting time for further exploration of this area.

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Section: What Mechanical Factors Are Generated By Loading?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular pathways mediating mechanical signaling in bone

Rubin

Jacobs

2006

Gene

402

303

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“…The PV permeabilities reported in the past are thought to be significant underestimates because these previous values represent a PLC and PV lumped measurement rather than a PV measurement alone. These lumped measurements also compromise the measurement of the permeability of the PLC as pointed out by Beno et al (2006) in the discussion of the reported PLC permeabilities (Dillaman et al 1991;Steck et al 2003). There are four reported estimates of the permeability of the PLC.…”

Section: Bone Tissue Porosity and Permeabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Hierarchical poroelasticity: movement of interstitial fluid between porosity levels in bones

Cowin

Gailani

Benalla

2009

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

103

113

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The governing equations for the theory of poroelastic materials with hierarchical pore space architecture and compressible constituents undergoing small deformations are developed. These equations are applied to the problem of determining the exchange of pore fluid between the vascular porosity (PV) and the lacunar-canalicular porosity (PLC) in bone tissue due to cyclic mechanical loading and blood pressure oscillations. The result is basic to the understanding of interstitial flow in bone tissue that, in turn, is basic to understanding of nutrient transport from the vasculature to the bone cells buried in the bone tissue and to the process of mechanotransduction by these cells. A formula for the volume of fluid that moves between the PLC and PV in a cyclic loading is obtained as a function of the cyclic mechanical loading and blood pressure oscillations. Formulas for the oscillating fluid pore pressure in both the PLC and the PV are obtained as functions of the two driving forces, the cyclic mechanical straining and the blood pressure, both with specified amplitude and frequency. The results of this study also suggest a PV permeability greater than 10 −9 m 2 and perhaps a little lower than 10 −8 m 2 . Previous estimates of this permeability have been as small as 10 −14 m 2 .

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“…In addition, appositional fronts along the bone surfaces have been said to demonstrate centrifugal interstitial fluid movement from the medullary canal to the periosteal surface [5,6,[9][10][11]15,16,19,26]. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of different histological processes that could lead to the presence of ferritin in the mineralized matrix and the characteristic ferritin halo labeling previously demonstrated by other investigators.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…However, other investigators have shown that ferritin forms halo-shaped labeling that appears to enter the mineralized matrix around blood vessels, along with appositional fronts along the bone surfaces [5,15,16,19]. This ferritin labeling is widely used to explain normal interstitial fluid movement in bone: the halos are said to demonstrate bulk centrifugal interstitial fluid movement away from a highly pressurized vascular porosity, and the appositional fronts are said to demonstrate centrifugal interstitial fluid movement from the medullary canal to the periosteal surface [5,6,[9][10][11]15,16,19,26]. These previous studies suggest that ferritin may be small enough to pass through the canalicular pores and possibly through the collagenapatite pores in the mineralized matrix.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping bone interstitial fluid movement: Displacement of ferritin tracer during histological processing

Ciani¹,

Doty²,

Fritton³

2005

Bone

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Bone interstitial fluid flow is thought to play a fundamental role in the mechanical stimulation of bone cells, either via shear stresses or cytoskeletal deformations. Recent evidence indicates that osteocytes are surrounded by a fiber matrix that may be involved in the mechanotransduction of external stimuli as well as in nutrient exchange. In our previous tracer studies designed to map how different-sized molecules travel through the bone porosities, we found that injected ferritin was confined to blood vessels and did not pass into the mineralized matrix. However, other investigators have shown that ferritin forms halo-shaped labeling that enters the mineralized matrix around blood vessels. This labeling is widely used to explain normal interstitial fluid movement in bone; in particular, it is said to demonstrate bulk centrifugal interstitial fluid movement away from a highly pressurized vascular porosity. In addition, appositional ferritin fronts are said to demonstrate centrifugal interstitial fluid movement from the medullary canal to the periosteal surface. The purpose of this study was to investigate the conflicting ferritin labeling results by evaluating the role of different histological processes in the formation of ferritin "halos." Ferritin was injected into the rat vasculature and allowed to circulate for 5 min. Samples obtained from tibiae were reacted for different times with Perl's reagent and then were either paraffin-embedded or sectioned with a cryostat. Halo-like labeling surrounding vascular pores was found in all groups, ranging from 1.2-3.9% for the samples treated with the shortest histological processes (unembedded, frozen sections) to 5.6-15% for the samples treated with the longest histological processes (paraffin-embedded sections). These results indicate that different histological processing methods are able to create ferritin "halos," with some processing methods allowing more redistribution of the ferritin tracer than others. Based on these results and the fact that "halo" labeling has not been found with any other tracer, as we seek to further delineate the movement of interstitial fluid and the role it plays in bone mechanotransduction, we believe that ferritin "halo" labeling should not be used to demonstrate physiological bone interstitial fluid flow.

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Fluid movement in bone: Theoretical and empirical

Cited by 132 publications

References 50 publications

Molecular pathways mediating mechanical signaling in bone

Molecular pathways mediating mechanical signaling in bone

Hierarchical poroelasticity: movement of interstitial fluid between porosity levels in bones

Mapping bone interstitial fluid movement: Displacement of ferritin tracer during histological processing

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