Fluorescein Kinetics in Interstitial Fluid Harvested from Diabetic Skin during Fluorescein Angiography: Implications for Glucose Monitoring

Abstract

Intravenous injection of a bolus of low molecular weight fluorescent tracer was used to estimate the time delay between changing glucose levels in blood and ISF. The results indicate that the ISF sampling technology utilized here is capable of tracking rapidly rising levels of blood glucose.

Transdermal Delivery of Interferon Alpha-2B using Microporation and Iontophoresis in Hairless Rats

“…In previous studies, the microporation parameters utilized for this study were used in clinical investigations to painlessly microporate human skin (13)(14)(15)(16). Rats were handled in accordance with the IUCAC protocol approved by the Mercer University Animal Committee.…”

“…This technique has previously been investigated in clinical studies for the rapid extraction of interstitial fluid from the skin for glucose monitoring, and in animals and human subjects for transdermal delivery of insulin (13)(14)(15)(16). However, this is the first publication establishing the applicability of this method for delivery of a large protein drug molecule.…”

The effect of pulsed bipolar dc on the simultaneous extraction of glucose and lactate by reverse iontophoresis

“…Although currently available technologies, such as interstitial fluid harvesting [1][2][3], microdialysis [4], near infrared spectroscopy [5][6][7][8] and subcutaneous enzyme electrode implants [9], have had varied success and benefits for these treatments, reverse iontophoresis [10][11][12] stands as the only method likely to satisfy this ideal criteria. By applying low electrode currents across the skin, this technique promotes the extraction of both charged and neutral molecules by various mechanisms.…”

Enabling topical immunization via microporation: a novel method for pain-free and needle-free delivery of adenovirus-based vaccines

“…5 For skin immunization, the microporation technique involves the creation of an array of physical openings through the stratum corneum into the viable epidermis to allow direct contact between the cells of the epidermis and the vaccine inoculum. These openings are large enough to allow the delivery of macromolecules such as protein antigens, DNA or even microparticles into the epidermis.…”