Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay for the Detection of Drugs of Abuse in Human Whole Blood

Overdosing with methadone is a growing phenomenon in Britain and other countries due to the increase in prescription and the availability of this compound. Little is known of the circumstances surrounding methadone death due to some extent to the difficulty of defining drug-related death and also the difficulty of collecting clinical and biographical data in a predominantly illegal and marginal milieu. However, the evidence points to highest risk at night (to this end manifestations of its toxicity often go unrecognized) in those whose usual tolerance has been reduced and occurring some considerable time after ingestion. Further investigations are needed to elucidate fully the mechanism and spectrum of methadone overdose. Death from methadone is eminently preventable more so because of the long-term nature of the clinical sequelae. Indeed the key issue with methadone that sets it apart from other opioids is its potential for delayed toxicity. Consequently steps should be taken to disseminate the salient facts to all those who come into contact with the drug.

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“…Interestingly immunohistochemical detection of methadone is possible and the intake of this medicament can now be proven morphologically (150).…”

Section: Methadone Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Methadone Overdose: Clinical Considerations and the Scientific Evidence

Wolff¹

2002

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

106

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“…The FPFIA methods utilizing automated analyzer are simple, precise, and easy to perform. Therefore, these methods are widely applied in drug discovery studies (21) as well as in therapeutic monitoring of a wide range of analytes (136)(137)(138)(139)(140)(141)(142)(143)(144)(145)(146)(147)(148), shown in Table 5. Recently, an improved one-step FPFIA was developed for analysis of progesterone hormone using an immunocomplex single reagent (a pre-equilibrated mixture of antibody and tracer) (149).…”

Section: Fluoroimmunoassaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunoassay Methods and their Applications in Pharmaceutical Analysis: Basic Methodology and Recent Advances

Darwish

2006

Int. J Biomed Sci.

189

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Immunoassays are bioanalytical methods in which the quantitation of the analyte depends on the reaction of an antigen (analyte) and an antibody. Immunoassays have been widely used in many important areas of pharmaceutical analysis such as diagnosis of diseases, therapeutic drug monitoring, clinical pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence studies in drug discovery and pharmaceutical industries. The importance and widespread of immunoassay methods in pharmaceutical analysis are attributed to their inherent specificity, high-throughput, and high sensitivity for the analysis of wide range of analytes in biological samples. Recently, marked improvements were achieved in the field of immunoassay development for the purposes of pharmaceutical analysis. These improvements involved the preparation of the unique immunoanalytical reagents, analysis of new categories of compounds, methodology, and instrumentation. The basic methodologies and recent advances in immunoassay methods applied in different fields of pharmaceutical analysis have been reviewed.

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“…The participation of opioid receptors in the pathogenesis of opioid abuse and dependence has been demonstrated, but clinical experience is scarce. There are a number of laboratory tests that detect the presence of drugs in hair,45 blood,46 and other biological fluids and tissues 47,48. Routine urine toxicology and forensic tests are often positive for opioid drugs in individuals with opioid dependence.…”

Section: Autoantibodies To μ‐δ Receptor In Diagnosis Of Opiate Addictionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recombinant μ‐δ Receptor as a Marker of Opiate Abuse

Dambinova

Izykenova

2002

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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The brain is particularly vulnerable to drugs of abuse changing the neuroreceptor functions. Opiates interact and overstimulate heterogeneous opioid receptors leading to their desensitization, internalization, and activation of recombinant opioid receptor. The molecular properties of rat and human brain recombinant μ‐δ receptor were compared with those of purified μ‐ and δ‐receptors. cDNA coding the unique fragment of recombinant μ‐δ receptor was isolated and sequenced. We hypothesized that recombinant μ‐δ receptor may be a hallmark of opiate abuse. Peptide fragments of the μ‐ (MOR), δ‐ (DOR), and recombinant μ‐δ‐ (MDOR) receptors were used as antigens to assess the presence of autoantibodies in the blood of rats that self‐administered heroin and cocaine, as well as drug abusers. Significant steady elevation of MDOR autoantibodies were measured in sera of rats that self‐administered heroin compared to that for cocaine and vehicle animals. The appearance and increased level of MDOR autoantibodies in opiate abusers correlated with severity of the disorder and duration of drug exposure.

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Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay for the Detection of Drugs of Abuse in Human Whole Blood

Cited by 10 publications

References 20 publications

Characterization of Methadone Overdose: Clinical Considerations and the Scientific Evidence

Characterization of Methadone Overdose: Clinical Considerations and the Scientific Evidence

Immunoassay Methods and their Applications in Pharmaceutical Analysis: Basic Methodology and Recent Advances

Recombinant μ‐δ Receptor as a Marker of Opiate Abuse

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