Fluorescent probes guided by a new practical performance regulation strategy to monitor glutathione in living systems

Abstract

A practical regulation strategy for the design of glutathione specific probes and their application in living systems.

Recent Progress in Fluorescent Sensors for Drug-Induced Liver Injury Assessment

“…Accurate diagnosis of disease is always an important concern in clinics, which urgently need an effective tool for early, rapid, and accurate identification, especially for cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, and organism injury. − In recent years, fluorescent sensors have attracted more and more interest in the area of biology, physiology, and environmental science, − especially conferring advantages in the detection of metal ions, , small molecules, − and proteins − due to simple procedures, high sensitivity, excellent specificity, in situ and real-time detection, and so forth. − Notably, some fluorescent sensors have been developed to analyze disease biomarkers, and then proceed to diagnose and treat, track pathological processes, navigate surgical resection of the tumor, and so forth. − …”

Core–Shell Plasmonic Nanomaterials toward: Dual-Mode Imaging Analysis of Glutathione and Enhanced Chemodynamic Therapy

“…On the basis of the above results, the ability of the Au@MnO 2 -DNA nanoprobes to monitor the fluctuant concentration of intracellular GSH was detected. Specifically, HeLa cells were divided into three groups: (i) a control group; (ii) a down-regulation group, where cells were pretreated with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM, a GSH scavenger: 500 μM); and (iii) an up-regulation group, where cells were pretreated with α-lipoic acid (LPA, a GSH synthesis enhancer: 500 μM) . The results of dual-mode imaging analysis revealed that compared with the control group, a large number of orange spots accompanied by a higher R/G value appeared in the cells of the down-regulation group (Figure A and B), and the FL intensity detected was quite lower (about 2000, Figure C), while almost green scattering spots accompanied by a lower R/G value and obviously enhanced FL intensity were detected in the up-regulation group (about 7000).…”

“…Specifically, HeLa cells were divided into three groups: (i) a control group; (ii) a down-regulation group, where cells were pretreated with Nethylmaleimide (NEM, a GSH scavenger: 500 μM); 39 and (iii) an up-regulation group, where cells were pretreated with αlipoic acid (LPA, a GSH synthesis enhancer: 500 μM). 40 The results of dual-mode imaging analysis revealed that compared with the control group, a large number of orange spots accompanied by a higher R/G value appeared in the cells of the down-regulation group (Figure 5A and B), and the FL intensity detected was quite lower (about 2000, Figure 5C), while almost green scattering spots accompanied by a lower R/ G value and obviously enhanced FL intensity were detected in the up-regulation group (about 7000). The above results indicated that the degradation degree of the MnO 2 outer shell was dependent on the amount of endogenous GSH and then induced the corresponding changes of the scattering signal and FL signal.…”

Highly Chemoselective Self-Calibrated Fluorescent Probe Monitors Glutathione Dynamics in Nucleolus in Live Cells

“…However, the structural and functional similarity of glutathione (GSH) with cysteine and homocysteine has been made complicated in the glutathione detection process. − Thus, it is crucial to optimize the geometrical and functional features of the probes for targeting specific thiols. Realizing the biological significance of glutathione (GSH), several functional groups are incorporated into the fluorophore to build up the highly chemoselective fluorescent probe for glutathione. , Among them, Michael acceptors type fluorescent probe, where acrylic residue undergoes a 1,4-Michael type addition, have been popularly used for irreversible/reversible scavenging of glutathione (GSH). − Importantly, the ratio-metric reversible fluorescent probes may independently provide quantitative information on the GSH level at any point of time. − Nonetheless, there is no universal structural integrity and geometry of the functional group in the probes that can generalize whether the probe is suitable for solely arresting the glutathione. Thus, with poorly knowing the influence of the functional group in the probe for glutathione (GSH), many manipulations have been done in designing the chemoselective probes for glutathione (GSH).…”