Fluoride in Drinking Water in 31 Provinces of Iran

Abstract

The effects of acute fluoride toxicity have been well documented in the literature. Drinking water is an important source of fluoride intake by humans, hence studies need to be carried out to determine the concentration of Fluoride in water. Therefore, this study tends to demonstrate the fluoride concentration in drinking water in thirty-one provinces of Iran during 2014. This cross-sectional study on drinking water was conducted in 2014. SPADNS method was determined for fluoride concentration examination according to instruction of Standard Methods. The minimum concentration of fluoride in provinces, such as Fars, Kermanshah, Kohgiluyeh and BoyerAhmad, Markazi, and Hormozgan, was observed to be 0.01 mg/L, while the maximum concentrations were observed to be 3.72 and 3.52 mg/L for Bushehr and Fars, respectively. The minimum and maximum average mean concentrations were 0.193 (SD = 0.11) and 0.889 (SD = 0.31) for Kermanshah and Bushehr, respectively. Due to the disadvantages of fluoride and because of the existence of different ecological conditions in Iran, there are different concentrations of water fluoride in the country. Therefore, proper policies should be made for water treatment plants based on the regional conditions in order to achieve a desirable fluoride concentration standard.

Correlation between drinking water fluoride and TSH hormone by ANNs and ANFIS

“…The thyroid gland is the most sensitive tissue in the body to fluoride [2]. Basha et al (2011) and Dey and Giri (2016) stated that TSH hormone as well as T 3 and T 4 hormones decreased due to excess fluoride concentration and thus cause hypothyroidism in some populations [1,2]. This paper showed this reality that the value of TSH hormone increased by increasing water fluoride concentration.…”

“…Yazd city is the driest residential area in Iran [40]. Kheradpisheh et al (2016) found that the mean ± SD of drinking water fluoride is 0.5 mg/L ± 0.27 in this area [3]. This nested case and control study selected cases and controls from Yazd Healthy Study (YaHS) which is a prospective cohort study.…”

“…It has beneficial effects on teeth and bones at low concentrations but excessive exposure to fluoride has adverse effects [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. There are ways to get fluoride, but water is the most important [11][12][13][14].…”

“…Iran's recommended level of fluoride in drinking water is 0.5-1.5 8 mg/L based on WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality [19]. Dey and Giri (2016) found that excessive exposure to fluoride caused increase thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and increase T 3 and T 4 hormones especially in people who do not consume enough iodine, therefore causing hypothyroidism [2]. They illustrated that consuming 20 mg/L sodium fluoride per day by rats repressed the production of nucleic acids and Triiodothyronine (T 3 ), thyroxin (T 4 ) hormones and change the activities of some metabolic enzyme such as: K (+) -Na (+) -ATPase, thyroid peroxidase, and 5, 5′-deiodinase [2].…”

Impact of Drinking Water Fluoride on Human Thyroid Hormones: A Case- Control Study

“…It has a three to four time’s higher probability of occurring in women than in men 6 . The adverse effects of fluoride on animal and human health are well documented in the literature 7 , 8 . The effects of high fluoride ingestion through drinking water, green tea, and ambient air pollution on thyroid hormones (T3, T4, TH, and TSH) were investigated in both humans and animals.…”