FMCW Laser Fuze Multiple Scattering Model and Accurate Fixed-Distance Algorithm in a Smoke Environment

Song, Chengtian; Cui, Ying; Liu, Bohu

doi:10.3390/s20092604

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…During laser transmission in a smoky environment, the motion of photons is divided into two main types [8]: (1) They are received by the detector after being reflected from the target surface. (2) They are received by the detector after being backscattered by the smoke particles several times, and the schematic diagram of the collision scattering process is shown in Figure 2.…”

Section: Fmcw Laser Backscattering Signal Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the transmission of laser in smoke environment, there will be a large number of smoke particles with random locations due to the smoke scene, and multiple collisions between the laser photons and smoke particles may happen at different locations. The received echo signal is necessarily a mixture of multiple types of smoke echoes and target echoes [8]. Based on the Fourier transform principle, any waveform can be represented by a linear superposition of multiple sinusoidal functions, where each component function has a corresponding frequency, phase, and amplitude [29].…”

Section: Simulation Process Analysis Of Laser Echo Signal Based On Ra...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main methods for studying the scattering process of FMCW lasers in smoke currently include experiment [6] and simulation [7,8]. In the case of the former method, it is more restricted by factors such as test situations and conditions, resulting in poor operability and repeatability of the method; so, it is generally used for comparative verification of results with other methods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Virtual Simulation of the Effect of FMCW Laser Fuse Detector’s Component Performance Variability on Target Echo Characteristics under Smoke Interference

et al. 2022

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The laser transmitter and photoelectric receiver are the core modules of the detector in a laser proximity fuse, whose performance variability can affect the accuracy of target detection and identification. In particular, there is no study on the effect of detector’s component performance variability on frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) laser fuse under smoke interference. Therefore, based on the principles of particle dynamic collision, ray tracing, and laser detection, this paper builds a virtual simulation model of FMCW laser transmission with the professional particle system of Unity3D, and studies the effect of performance variability of laser fuse detector components on the target characteristics under smoke interference. Simulation results show that the difference in the performance of the fuse detector components causes the amplitude variation and peak migration of the beat signal spectrum, and the change in the visibility of the smoke can also affect the results, which indicates that the factors affecting the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the echo signal are related to the smoke interference and performance variability of the detector. The proposed simulation model is supported by experimental results, which reflect the reliability of the proposed findings. Therefore, this study can be used for the optimization of the parameters in the laser fuse antismoke interference to avoid false alarms.

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Section: Fmcw Laser Backscattering Signal Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Simulation Process Analysis Of Laser Echo Signal Based On Ra...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Virtual Simulation of the Effect of FMCW Laser Fuse Detector’s Component Performance Variability on Target Echo Characteristics under Smoke Interference

et al. 2022

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“…However, laser beams can easily be reflected or scattered. On a battlefield, aerosol particles such as smoke [ 7 , 8 ], fog [ 9 , 10 , 11 ], and dust [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ] are common and may interfere with the laser, reducing its detection and recognition performance. In particular, soil dust [ 17 ] kicked up by vehicles or scattered by the explosion of shallowly buried ammunition can absorb and scatter laser radiation, potentially leading to lidar detection failure or early detonation of a laser fuze.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Backscattering Echo Intensity Characteristics of Laser in Soil Explosion Dust

Gao

Lien

Chen

et al. 2023

Sensors

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Soil dust generated by explosions can lead to the absorption and scattering of lasers, resulting in low detection and recognition accuracy for laser-based devices. Field tests to assess laser transmission characteristics in soil explosion dust are dangerous and involve uncontrollable environmental conditions. Instead, we propose using high-speed cameras and an indoor explosion chamber to assess the backscattering echo intensity characteristics of lasers in dust generated by small-scale explosive blasts in soil. We analyzed the influence of the mass of the explosive, depth of burial, and soil moisture content on crater features and temporal and spatial distributions of soil explosion dust. We also measured the backscattering echo intensity of a 905 nm laser at different heights. The results showed that the concentration of soil explosion dust was highest in the first 500 ms. The minimum normalized peak echo voltage ranged from 0.318 to 0.658. The backscattering echo intensity of the laser was found to be strongly correlated with the mean gray value of the monochrome image of soil explosion dust. This study provides experimental data and a theoretical basis for the accurate detection and recognition of lasers in soil explosion dust environments.

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“…The wavelength of common military lasers (Table 1) is largely in the range of 0.249~12 µm, covering ultraviolet (UV), visible light (VIS), as well as near-infrared (NIR), short-wave infrared (SWIR), mid-wave infrared (MWIR), and long-wave infrared (LWIR) of the infrared (IR) spectrum [3][4][5]. However, when laser devices detect military ground targets, such as battlefield vehicles and troops, laser beams may be absorbed and scattered by smoke screens [6][7][8], fog [9], dust [10], and other aerosol particles encountered in land battlefield environments, potentially deteriorating the detection and recognition performance of the laser. The particle size distribution (PSD) and extinction coefficient, which are two vital optical properties of aerosol particles, are closely related Remote Sens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particle Size Distributions and Extinction Coefficients of Aerosol Particles in Land Battlefield Environments

Gao,

Chen,

Chen

et al. 2023

Remote Sensing

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In land battlefield environments, aerosol particles can cause laser beams to undergo attenuation, thus deteriorating the operational performance of military laser devices. The particle size distribution (PSD) and extinction coefficient are key optical properties for assessing the attenuation characteristics of laser beams caused by aerosol particles. In this study, we employed the laser diffraction method to measure the PSDs of graphite smoke screen, copper powder smoke screen, iron powder smoke screen, ground dust, and soil explosion dust. We evaluated the goodness of fit of six common unimodal PSD functions and a bimodal lognormal PSD function employed for fitting these aerosol particles using the root mean square error (RMSE) and adjusted R2, and selected the optimal PSD function to evaluate their extinction coefficients in the laser wavelength range of 0.249~12 μm. The results showed that smoke screens, ground dust, and soil explosion dust exhibited particle size ranges of 0.7~50 µm, 1~400 µm, and 1.7~800 μm, respectively. The lognormal distribution had the best goodness of fit for fitting the PSDs of these aerosol particles in the six unimodal PSD functions, followed by the gamma and Rosin–Rammler distributions. For the bimodal aerosol particles with a lower span, the bimodal lognormal PSD functions exhibited the best goodness of fit. The graphite smoke screen exhibited the highest extinction coefficient, followed by the copper and iron powder smoke screens. In contrast, the ground dust and soil explosion dust exhibited the lowest extinction coefficients, reaching their minimum values at a wavelength of approximately 8.2 μm. This study provides a basis for analyzing and improving the detection and recognition performance of lasers in land battlefield environments.

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FMCW Laser Fuze Multiple Scattering Model and Accurate Fixed-Distance Algorithm in a Smoke Environment

Cited by 8 publications

References 24 publications

Virtual Simulation of the Effect of FMCW Laser Fuse Detector’s Component Performance Variability on Target Echo Characteristics under Smoke Interference

Virtual Simulation of the Effect of FMCW Laser Fuse Detector’s Component Performance Variability on Target Echo Characteristics under Smoke Interference

Backscattering Echo Intensity Characteristics of Laser in Soil Explosion Dust

Particle Size Distributions and Extinction Coefficients of Aerosol Particles in Land Battlefield Environments

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