Foehn warming distributions in nonlinear and linear flow regimes: a focus on the Antarctic Peninsula

Abstract

The structure of lee-side warming during foehn events is investigated as a function of cross-barrier flow regime linearity. Two contrasting cases of westerly flow over the Antarctic Peninsula (AP) are considered – one highly nonlinear, the other relatively linear. Westerly flow impinging on the AP provides one of the best natural laboratories in the world for the study of foehn, owing to its maritime setting and the Larsen C Ice Shelf (LCIS) providing an expansive, homogeneous and smooth surface on its east side. Numerical simulations with the Met Office Unified Model (at 1.5 km grid size) and aircraft observations are utilized. In case A, relatively weak southwesterly cross-Peninsula flow and an elevated upwind inversion dictate a highly nonlinear foehn event, with mountain wave breaking observed. The consequent strongly accelerated downslope flow leads to high-amplitude warming and ice-shelf melt in the immediate lee of the AP. However this foehn warming diminishes rapidly downwind due to upward ascent of the foehn flow via a hydraulic jump. In case C, strong northwesterly winds dictate a relatively linear flow regime. There is no hydraulic jump and strong foehn winds are able to flow at low levels across the entire ice shelf, mechanically mixing the near-surface flow, preventing the development of a strong surface inversion and delivering large fluxes of sensible heat to the ice shelf. Consequently, in case C ice-melt rates are considerably greater over the LCIS as a whole than in case A. Our results imply that although nonlinear foehn events cause intense warming in the immediate lee of mountains, linear foehn events will commonly cause more extensive lee-side warming and, over an ice surface, higher melt rates. This has major implications for the AP, where recent east-coast warming has led to the collapse of two ice shelves immediately north of the LCIS

A Multidecadal Analysis of Föhn Winds over Larsen C Ice Shelf from a Combination of Observations and Modeling

“…Local föhn events were identified based on three criteria, namely wind direction, wind speed and duration. Previous studies revealed that föhn at Larsen C ice shelf is governed by upwind conditions at higher altitude [22,23]. Manual checking of wind direction at 500 hPa showed a positive föhn identification error of only 1.2%, likely caused by the stringent minimum wind speed criterion of 4 m s −1 .…”

Foehn winds link climate‐driven warming to ice shelf evolution in Antarctica

“…The characteristic of the upwind flow, as described by , can have important consequences for the strength, frequency, and spatial characteristics of foehn warming over the eastern side of the peninsula. Linear flows have been shown associated with more extensive warming along the northeastern AP, with weaker temperature signatures and more topographic channeling of flow observed for nonlinear flows [ Elvidge et al , ]. While only the single record at Matienzo is available prior to 2010, characterizing the nature of the flow over the peninsula with the more recent records as well as upwind flow characteristics gives insight into the expected spatial variability in foehn winds over the long term.…”

The microphysics of clouds over the Antarctic Peninsula – Part 1: Observations

“…During these two periods, flights were made to study a variety of meteorological phenomena, including boundary layer (Fiedler et al, 2010), orographic flow (Elvidge et al, 2014), and cloud studies. A total of 64 flights were completed during these periods.…”