Folic acid supplementation regulates key immunity-associated genes and pathways during the periparturient period in dairy cows

Xiao

et al. 2020

Metabolites

Self Cite

The periparturient period is the period from three weeks before calving to three weeks post-calving. This period is important in terms of health, productivity and profitability, and is fundamental to successful lactation. During this period, the animal experiences stress because of hormonal changes due to pregnancy and the significant rise in milk production. In addition, a negative energy balance usually occurs, because the demand for nutrients to sustain milk production increases by more than the nutrient supply during the periparturient period. The immunity of dairy cattle is suppressed around parturition, which increases their susceptibility to infections. Special care regarding nutrition can reduce the risks of metabolism and immunity depression, which dairy cattle face during the periparturient span. Folic acid is relevant in this regard because of its critical role in the metabolism to maintain lactational performance and to improve health. Being a donor of one-carbon units, folic acid has a vital role in DNA and RNA biosynthesis. Generally, the folic acid requirements of dairy cattle can be met by the microbial synthesis in the rumen; however, in special cases, such as during the periparturient period, the requirement for this vitamin strictly increases. Vitamin B12 also has a critical role in the metabolism as a coenzyme of the enzyme methionine synthase for the transfer of a methyl group from folic acid to homocysteine for the regeneration of methionine. In the current review, we highlight the issues facing periparturient dairy cattle, and relevant knowledge and practices, and point out future research directions for utilization of the associated vitamins in ruminants, especially during the periparturient period.

Section: Folic Acid Significantly Regulates Immunity In Periparturient Dairy Cattlementioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Folic Acid Significantly Regulates Immunity In Periparturient Dairy Cattlementioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Folic Acid Significantly Regulates Immunity In Periparturient Dairy Cattlementioning

confidence: 99%

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Overview of Folic Acid Supplementation Alone or in Combination with Vitamin B12 in Dairy Cattle during Periparturient Period

Xiao

et al. 2020

Metabolites

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“…The extracted RNA was stored at −80°C and then was sent to the company (Annoroad Gene Technology Co., Ltd) for RNA sequencing. The details of RNA-seq analysis method used in this current study have been shown in our previous research (Muhammad et al, 2019).…”

Section: Extraction Of Rna and Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Folic acid supplementation regulates milk production variables, metabolic associated genes and pathways in perinatal Holsteins

Animal Physiology Nutrition

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2020

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Perinatal period is the critical time in dairy cattle due to negative energy balance and high milk production stress. Being a key role in biosynthesis and methylation cycle, folic acid is considered essential for lactational and metabolic performance in dairy cattle. Thus, the current study was designed to evaluate the effect of folic acid supplementation on milk production phenotypic traits in periparturient cows. Transcriptomic screening was performed for milk production and metabolism‐associated differentially expressed genes. The 123 cows having similar parity, weight and expected date of calving were randomly selected and divided into three groups; A (n = 41, folic acid 240 mg/500 kg cow/day), B (n = 40, FA 120 mg/500 kg cow/day) and C (Control, n = 42). Folic acid was supplemented for 21 days (14 days pre‐ and seven days post‐calving), and three samples of blood lymphocytes were taken on day seven post‐calving from each folic acid‐treated and control group. In addition, the milk samples for each folic acid‐treated group have been collected at 2nd, 3rd and 4th month of lactation. The increase in average milk yield noticed in group B were significantly (p‐value < .05) higher than C and A. However, the data showed no noteworthy differences for milk fat and milk protein among the three groups. The transcriptomic analysis revealed that folic acid treatment regulated many key metabolic‐related genes (DGAT2, ALOX5, LAP3, GPAT3, GGH, ALDOA, TKT) and pathways (glycolysis, folate biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, etc.) in periparturient dairy cattle. It was concluded from the above findings that 120 mg/500 kg of folic acid quantity could be considered as a standard during the periparturient period to enhance the milk production performance of dairy cows. The transcriptomic profile revealed several metabolic and milk production‐associated genes which could be a useful addition to the marker selection for the enhancement of metabolism and milk production of periparturient dairy cows.

“…The suppression of IL-6 and IFN-γ usually occurs around parturition, which depresses immunity and exposes dairy cattle to mastitis [ 130 ]. Normal levels of IL-6 and IFN-γ are necessary for the maintenance of bovine immunity.…”

Section: Inhibitors Of the Jak-stat Pathway: Role In Mastitis And mentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of the JAK-STAT Pathway in Bovine Mastitis and Milk Production

Xiao

et al. 2020

Animals

Self Cite

The cytokine-activated Janus kinase (JAK)—signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway is a sequence of communications between proteins in a cell, and it is associated with various processes such as cell division, apoptosis, mammary gland development, lactation, anti-inflammation, and immunity. The pathway is involved in transferring information from receptors on the cell surface to the cell nucleus, resulting in the regulation of genes through transcription. The Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), signal transducer and activator of transcription A and B (STAT5 A & B), STAT1, and cytokine signaling suppressor 3 (SOCS3) are the key members of the JAK-STAT pathway. Interestingly, prolactin (Prl) also uses the JAK-STAT pathway to regulate milk production traits in dairy cattle. The activation of JAK2 and STATs genes has a critical role in milk production and mastitis resistance. The upregulation of SOCS3 in bovine mammary epithelial cells inhibits the activation of JAK2 and STATs genes, which promotes mastitis development and reduces the lactational performance of dairy cattle. In the current review, we highlight the recent development in the knowledge of JAK-STAT, which will enhance our ability to devise therapeutic strategies for bovine mastitis control. Furthermore, the review also explores the role of the JAK-STAT pathway in the regulation of milk production in dairy cattle.