“…Untargeted metabolomics focuses on the dynamic adjustment of small molecules in response to an organismal disturbance, offering significant insights into the pathophysiology of various diseases and helping identify specific biomarkers [ 12 , 50 ]. These molecules are present in biological matrixes such as tissues, cells [ 10 , 50 , 55 , 56 ], blood, urine, plasma, serum, and FF [ 10 , 50 , 51 , 55 , 56 , 57 ] due to their medical and chemical signature, which allows for the quantitative measurement of the dynamic chemical reactions that take place in living systems in response to pathophysiological insults or genetic variations [ 10 , 50 , 55 , 56 ]. Volatilomics, a metabolomic subgroup that reflects biochemical metabolic activity and environmental influences, offers new insights into the physiological processes of several disorders [ 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ].…”