Food Composition and Prey Selection of Cod, <I>Gadus Morhua</I> (Actinopterygii: Gadiformes: Gadidae), in the Southern Baltic Sea

Abstract

Background. At the end of 1980s, ecological regime shifts occurred in the Baltic. Since, the Baltic fish assemblage has been dominated by sprats, whereas before cod was the dominant fish species. The majority of previous food studies refer to the period before the shift. This raises the question, how changes in the Baltic ecosystem have affected the diet of cod. The aim of the presently reported study was to identify the differences in the food composition of cod depending on the area, depth, season, and the cod size and compare it with the findings from the 1970s and 1980s. Materials and methods. Food composition and selection of prey size for Baltic cod was evaluated by examining the stomach contents of 556 adult cod, collected in 2006 and 2007. Fish stomachs were sampled from research catches within the Polish Exclusive Economic Zone. Results. The main component of the cod diet were the clupeids, constituting more than 67% of the total weight of the food recovered from the specimens studied. Other fishes in the diet represented Gobiidae, Ammodytidae, as well as young cod. The dominant invertebrate in the diet was the isopod Saduria entomon which accounted for 13% of the diet by weight. The weight proportion of larger fish, such as herring, Clupea harengus (L.), and cod, increased with the cod size, while the proportion of small-and medium-sized fish (sprats, gobies) decreased. The food composition of cod varied seasonally. The weight proportion of European sprat, Sprattus sprattus (L.), was much higher in winter (55%) than in fall (27%), while the proportion of cod in the diet was higher in the fall (10%) than in winter (4%). The proportion of sprat in the diet increased with depth, while that of Ammodytidae and Gobiidae showed a decreasing trend. At depths greater than 40 m, the proportion of invertebrates in cod stomachs decreased. This study demonstrated a significant area effect for sprat; year effect for sprat and Saduria entomon; a seasonal effect for young cod and S. entomon; and a depth effect for sprat, young cod, and S. entomon. The occurrences of herring and small cod increased in the stomach as the predator increased, while no significant relation was found for sprat and S. entomon. The data collected do not indicate that cod select a specific size of sprat or herring, though cod were found to use size selection for S. entomon and juvenile cod. Conclusion. The food composition of cod has undergone certain changes compared to results of Załachowski (1977, 1985), which covered the 1970s and 1980s. Currently, the proportion of clupeids in the food is approximately 67% (in weight), while during the 1977-1982 it was in the range of 25%-50% depending on cod length. In 2006 and 2007 sprat was the main cod diet component rather than herring.

The diet of whiting Merlangius merlangus in the western Baltic Sea

“…Crangon crangon is also consumed in larger quantities in winter, while small crustaceans and polychaetes are the predominant invertebrate prey in summer. Similar cycles are reported for G. morhua in the southern and western part of the Baltic Sea (Arntz, 1977;Pachur & Horbowy, 2013). In the southern North Sea, clupeids contribute more to the diet of M. merlangus in winter, while ammodytids are important prey in spring.…”

“…Similar cycles are reported for G . morhua in the southern and western part of the Baltic Sea (Arntz, ; Pachur & Horbowy, ). In the southern North Sea, clupeids contribute more to the diet of M .…”

“…merlangus and G . morhua are clupeids (Arntz, ; Bagge et al , ; Link et al , ; Pachur & Horbowy, ), which are also the most abundant forage fishes in the Baltic Sea (Link et al , ; ICES, ). Gobies, ammodytids and C .…”

“…crangon also contribute to the diet of G . morhua from the southern and western parts of the Baltic (Arntz, ; Bagge et al , ; Pachur & Horbowy, ). Based on the findings in this study, it cannot be concluded whether the two predators compete for food.…”

“…The trend in recruitment of clupeids, however, has been towards an increased abundance of S. sprattus (Link et al, 2009), which are available to M. merlangus for a longer time due to their slower growth and lower maximum size compared to C. harengus. The predominance of S. sprattus appears to be reflected in the diet of M. merlangus (60% of the identified clupeids were S. sprattus) as is the case for G. morhua (Link et al, 2009;Pachur & Horbowy, 2013).…”