Foot biomechanics and gait

Schmeltzpfenning, Timo; Brauner, Torsten

doi:10.1533/9780857098795.1.27

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Normal gait has been extensively characterized from a biomechanical perspective, leading to the identification of several consecutive phases that occur cyclically (Alamdari & Krovi, 2017 ; Schmeltzpfenning & Brauner, 2013 ; Silva & Stergiou, 2020 ). First of all, initiating gait requires a stable upright body position.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency‐dependent modulation of neural oscillations across the gait cycle

Zhao

Bonassi²,

Samogin

et al. 2022

Human Brain Mapping

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Balance and walking are fundamental to support common daily activities. Relatively accurate characterizations of normal and impaired gait features were attained at the kinematic and muscular levels. Conversely, the neural processes underlying gait dynamics still need to be elucidated. To shed light on gait‐related modulations of neural activity, we collected high‐density electroencephalography (hdEEG) signals and ankle acceleration data in young healthy participants during treadmill walking. We used the ankle acceleration data to segment each gait cycle in four phases: initial double support, right leg swing, final double support, left leg swing. Then, we processed hdEEG signals to extract neural oscillations in alpha, beta, and gamma bands, and examined event‐related desynchronization/synchronization (ERD/ERS) across gait phases. Our results showed that ERD/ERS modulations for alpha, beta, and gamma bands were strongest in the primary sensorimotor cortex (M1), but were also found in premotor cortex, thalamus and cerebellum. We observed a modulation of neural oscillations across gait phases in M1 and cerebellum, and an interaction between frequency band and gait phase in premotor cortex and thalamus. Furthermore, an ERD/ERS lateralization effect was present in M1 for the alpha and beta bands, and in the cerebellum for the beta and gamma bands. Overall, our findings demonstrate that an electrophysiological source imaging approach based on hdEEG can be used to investigate dynamic neural processes of gait control. Future work on the development of mobile hdEEG‐based brain–body imaging platforms may enable overground walking investigations, with potential applications in the study of gait disorders.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency‐dependent modulation of neural oscillations across the gait cycle

Zhao

Bonassi²,

Samogin

et al. 2022

Human Brain Mapping

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“…Once all the information has been extracted, the signals are segmented into gait cycles based on the detection of the heel-strike event through the right heel’s reflective marker acceleration. To do this, one gait cycle is comprised of two consecutive heel-strike events performed by the same foot [ 34 , 35 ].…”

Section: Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a 3D Relative Motion Method for Human–Robot Interaction Assessment

Ballén-Moreno

Bautista

Provot

et al. 2022

Sensors

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Exoskeletons have been assessed by qualitative and quantitative features known as performance indicators. Within these, the ergonomic indicators have been isolated, creating a lack of methodologies to analyze and assess physical interfaces. In this sense, this work presents a three-dimensional relative motion assessment method. This method quantifies the difference of orientation between the user’s limb and the exoskeleton link, providing a deeper understanding of the Human–Robot interaction. To this end, the AGoRA exoskeleton was configured in a resistive mode and assessed using an optoelectronic system. The interaction quantified a difference of orientation considerably at a maximum value of 41.1 degrees along the sagittal plane. It extended the understanding of the Human–Robot Interaction throughout the three principal human planes. Furthermore, the proposed method establishes a performance indicator of the physical interfaces of an exoskeleton.

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“…Insole geometry is an important factor in the redistribution of plantar pressure [ 22 ]. The shoe/insole must align with the shape of the foot with different stances for an appropriate fit [ 23 ]; otherwise, an abnormal in-shoe pressure would result. Therefore, accurate and reliable foot anthropometric measurements can provide valuable information for shoe last/insole geometry designs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Xiong et al [ 24 ] and Zhang et al [ 27 ] stated that the foot increases both in length and width, and reduces in height with increases in weight bearing. The shape of the foot also becomes wider at the forefoot and heel during roll-over compared to a static stance [ 23 ]. On the basis of these findings, a wider toe box and insole with arch support are recommended to provide a better fit and prevent foot injury caused by a mismatch of the different foot dimensions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Diabetic Foot Deformation and Plantar Pressure Distribution of Women at Different Walking Speeds

Zhang

Liu

Yick

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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Official guidelines state that suitable physical activity is recommended for patients with diabetes mellitus. However, since walking at a rapid pace could be associated with increased plantar pressure and potential foot pain, the footwear condition is particularly important for optimal foot protection in order to reduce the risk of tissue injury and ulceration of diabetic patients. This study aims to analyze foot deformation and plantar pressure distribution at three different walking speeds (slow, normal, and fast walking) in dynamic situations. The dynamic foot shape of 19 female diabetic patients at three walking speeds is obtained by using a novel 4D foot scanning system. Their plantar pressure distributions at the three walking speeds are also measured by using the Pedar in-shoe system. The pressure changes in the toes, metatarsal heads, medial and lateral midfoot, and heel areas are systematically investigated. Although a faster walking speed shows slightly larger foot measurements than the two other walking speeds, the difference is insignificant. The foot measurement changes at the forefoot and heel areas, such as the toe angles and heel width, are found to increase more readily than the measurements at the midfoot. The mean peak plantar pressure shows a significant increase at a faster walking speed with the exception of the midfoot, especially at the forefoot and heel areas. However, the pressure time integral decreases for all of the foot regions with an increase in walking speed. Suitable offloading devices are essential for diabetic patients, particularly during brisk walking. Design features such as medial arch support, wide toe box, and suitable insole material for specific area of the foot (such as polyurethane for forefoot area and ethylene-vinyl acetate for heel area) are essential for diabetic insole/footwear to provide optimal fit and offloading. The findings contribute to enhancing the understanding of foot shape deformation and plantar pressure changes during dynamic situations, thus facilitating the design of footwear/insoles with optimal fit, wear comfort, and foot protection for diabetic patients.

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Foot biomechanics and gait

Cited by 4 publications

References 51 publications

Frequency‐dependent modulation of neural oscillations across the gait cycle

Frequency‐dependent modulation of neural oscillations across the gait cycle

Development of a 3D Relative Motion Method for Human–Robot Interaction Assessment

Analysis of Diabetic Foot Deformation and Plantar Pressure Distribution of Women at Different Walking Speeds

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