“…In the context of global trade, these factors can include the economic conditions in other countries that import goods and services, so the factors that affect imports include the Gross Domestic Product (Adewuyi, 2016), the income per capita (Markusen, 2013), consumer confidence (Grimme, Lehmann, & Noeller, 2021;Pascucci, 2018), the purchasing power parity (Taylor & Taylor, 2004), the exchange rate (Kim, 2017;Nishimura & Sun, 2018), the real effective exchange rate (Liau & Geetha, 2020), and the shipping waiting time (Fugazza & Hoffmann, 2017).…”