“…However, the limit of corruption and fraud for the business firms is not just to assess but also to focus on its ultimate impact on the operational efficiency (De Rosa, Gooroochurn, & Görg, 2010;Gaviria, 2002;Habib & Zurawicki, 2002). To operate effectively, business firms must understand corruption and fraud implications and various factors associated with these malpractices given that they are now intensely discussed in the extant literature (see, e.g., Rubin, 2018;Nwanyanwu, 2018;Bhasin, 2015;Alabdullah, Alfadhl, Yahya, & Rabi, 2014;Akyel, 2012).…”