Forests for the 21st Century?

Pereira, J. S.; Martins, Helena; Borges, José G.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5690-1_24

Cited by 4 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The edges of both of the electrode plates, as well the non-active area and connecting zones were protected with dual-component epoxy resin (Araldite). 47,48 The set of two electrodes was fixed in plastic lids that fit in a 100 mL polyethylene flask (Normax). For comparison purposes, cells prepared with non-coated HDGS WE electrodes were used as a reference (hereafter referred generically as control).…”

Section: Macrocell Current Density (I Galmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Polarization resistance (R p ).-The R p measurements were performed with a three-electrode electrochemical cell system using a previously established protocol. 47,48 The CE and WE electrodes were assembled and protected as described previously. Titanium-activated wire with a length of one cm was used as reference electrode (RE).…”

Section: Macrocell Current Density (I Galmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The R p values were estimated by the potentiostatic method using a potentiostat/galvanostat (Voltalab PGZ 301) according to the referred protocol. [47][48][49][50] Scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDS).-The morphology of the OIH sol-gel coating surface applied on HDGS specimens was analyzed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM, JEOL JSM-6400) coupled with an EDS detector (Inca-xSight Oxford Instruments), and the surface of specimens were covered with an ultrathin coating of gold deposited by sputter coating. The SEM/EDS studies of the HDGS coated samples were performed on the substrate before and after being in contact with cement paste for 7 and 14 days and after 74 days in contact with mortar.…”

Section: Macrocell Current Density (I Galmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ureasilicate Hybrid Coatings for Corrosion Protection of Galvanized Steel in Cementitious Media

Figueira

Silva

Pereira

et al. 2013

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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This study is focused on the electrochemical behavior and surface analysis of an eco-friendly organic-inorganic hybrid (OIH) coating for hot dip galvanized steel (HDGS) in contact with cementitious media. This treatment is a proposed alternative to replace toxic Cr(VI)-based pre-treatments used to control reactions between the zinc and wet concrete. HDGS samples were coated with two different sets of OIH gels obtained by a sol-gel process using a dip-coating method. Five distinct OIH matrices were obtained by reaction of functionalized metal-alkoxide (3-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane) with five different molecular weight diaminealkylethers. One set of HDGS samples was coated with each of the five pure OIH matrices and another was coated with similar matrices doped with Cr(III). The morphology of OIH coatings over HDGS surface was characterized by SEM/EDS. Similar films were prepared separately and the respective resistivity was measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Polarization resistance and macrocell current density were used to evaluate the corrosion protection properties of the HDGS coated samples in contact with cementitious media for a period of 74 days. Results showed that the produced coatings provide barrier properties that withstand the high pH of the electrolyte, protecting the HDGS when it first contacts cementitious media.The corrosion of steel in concrete is one of the major causes of structures degradation, requiring expensive rehabilitation. The use of hot dip galvanized steel (HDGS) has been recognized as an effective measure to increase the service life of reinforced concrete structures exposed to carbonation or to chloride ions. 1-3 The galvanized coating is a physical barrier that hinders the contact of aggressive agents with the steel substrate and the zinc layer acts as a sacrificial anode, protecting the steel against corrosion. 4,5 Immediately after the HDGS is embedded in fresh concrete, a highly alkaline environment, the zinc coating corrodes for a limited period (from several hours to a few days) until passivating surface layers are formed and concrete hardens. This initial corrosion process may lead to zinc consumption between 5 to 10 μm. 2 At the same time hydrogen is produced which may lead to the loss of adhesion between steel and concrete.Several corrosion studies reported the behavior of HDGS in contact with concrete media and in alkaline solutions. 2-21 However, uncertainties concerning the initial corrosion behavior of the galvanized coating when embedded in concrete still remains. The main literature about corrosion and passivation mechanisms of zinc in concrete environments, suggest that the formation of the protective layer due to zinc oxidation takes place with water reduction and subsequent hydrogen evolution. 9-11 Other authors claim that the formation of protective layer is related to the presence of oxygen at the concrete/rebar interface. 12,14,18 Andrade and co-workers, 11,22,23 found that at pH ≥ 12.5 zinc dissolution and hydrogen evolution takes place p...

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Section: Macrocell Current Density (I Galmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Macrocell Current Density (I Galmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Macrocell Current Density (I Galmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ureasilicate Hybrid Coatings for Corrosion Protection of Galvanized Steel in Cementitious Media

Figueira

Silva

Pereira

et al. 2013

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…Although poly(vinyl acetate) paints were never as popular as acrylic emulsion paints, which came to the market around the same time through to the 1970s, both household and artist-quality poly(vinyl acetate) paints were used by many notable artists. Some of these include Bridget Riley, Sidney Nolan, Kenneth Noland, Fred Graham, Nelson Kenny, Colin McCahon, Ralph Hotere, Theo Schoon, Gordon Walters, Harry Wong, Ian Fairweather, Joaquim Rodrigo, Ângelo de Sousa, Julião Sarmento, Walter de Maria, Agostino Bonalumi, Toti Scialoja, and Gastone Novelli [1,2,[7][8][9][10][11][12]. Although they are based on the same vinyl binder, the difference between the household paints and the artistquality paints is that the latter are generally of higher quality, due to the higher content of pigments and thickeners and lower amount of extenders [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Harry Wong, Ian Fairweather, Joaquim Rodrigo, Ângelo de Sousa, Julião Sarmento, Walter de Maria, Agostino Bonalumi, Toti Scialoja, and Gastone Novelli [1,2,[7][8][9][10][11][12]. Although they are based on the same vinyl binder, the difference between the household paints and the artist-quality paints is that the latter are generally of higher quality, due to the higher content of pigments and thickeners and lower amount of extenders [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poly(Vinyl Acetate) Paints: A Literature Review of Material Properties, Ageing Characteristics, and Conservation Challenges

Novak,

Ormsby

2023

Polymers

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Since their development in the 1950s, poly(vinyl acetate) [PVAc] paints (also known as vinyl) have been used by many artists, most notably in countries such as Spain, Portugal, and the United Kingdom; they are also used globally as a common binder for house paints. However, only a relatively limited number of heritage scientific studies have focused on vinyl paints. Consequently, many critical aspects of this material, such as the degradation processes, variations in paint formulations, and responses to conservation treatments, remain largely understudied. This article aims to summarise the available relevant information on poly(vinyl acetate) paints from both the scientific and the conservation practice perspectives. The article provides a brief overview of the development of poly(vinyl acetate) paints as artist-grade and household products and the known differences in their formulations. It also focuses on poly(vinyl acetate) ageing behaviour, the physicochemical properties, the recent scientific research on poly(vinyl acetate) material characterisation and degradation, and the main conservation issues regarding these paints, such as those relating to cleaning treatments.

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Fuel from Seaweeds: Rationale and Feasibility

Reznik

Israel

2012

Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology

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Forests for the 21st Century?

Cited by 4 publications

References 11 publications

Ureasilicate Hybrid Coatings for Corrosion Protection of Galvanized Steel in Cementitious Media

Ureasilicate Hybrid Coatings for Corrosion Protection of Galvanized Steel in Cementitious Media

Poly(Vinyl Acetate) Paints: A Literature Review of Material Properties, Ageing Characteristics, and Conservation Challenges

Fuel from Seaweeds: Rationale and Feasibility

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