Formation of PCDDs and PCDFs in municipal waste incineration and its inhibition mechanisms: A review

Tuppurainen, Kari; Halonen, Ismo; Ruokojärvi, Päivi; Tarhanen, Juhani; Ruuskanen, Juhani

doi:10.1016/s0045-6535(97)10048-0

Cited by 308 publications

(166 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…T 4 CDD to OCDD, T 4 CDF and OCDF were detected in the reference experiment in which only quartz grain was used as the additive, while OCDD and T 4 CDF were detected in the experiment of 5% CaO and only OCDD were detected in the experiment of 20% CaO. The conversion from CPs to PCDDs at about 300°C has been verified experimentally and the most abundant PCDD congeners have been obtained in the previous works (Born et al, 1993;Tuppurainen et al, 1998). These condensation reactions are postulated to take place via Smiles rearrangement with a dioxaspiro-type compound as an intermediate.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 57%

Inhibition of PCDD/Fs formation from dioxin precursors by calcium oxide

et al. 2005

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Research aimed at understanding the inhibition effect of CaO on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) formation form dioxins precursors, such as chlorophenols (CPs) and chlorobenzenes (CBs). The results indicated that a clear dioxin inhibition effect occurred both in open and sealed system when CaO was used. In the open system, PCDDs were the main congeners and the inhibition efficiency was all over 99% in the experiments. In the experiments with CaO, less than 0.1% of the initial PCP was detected in the absorption tube and only about 1% of the initial PCP was examined as calcium pentachlorophenate in the reaction tube. In the sealed system, the inhibition efficiency was over 90% at temperature range between 280 and 450°C when PCP was used as model precursor. When HCB and 2,3,4,5-T 4 CP replaced PCP, significant inhibition effect was also observed. As CaO has the advantageous properties of non-toxicity and non-volatile nature, it is our hope that the result will contribute to the development of a new technique to cope with the problem of dioxin pollution in MWIs.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 57%

Inhibition of PCDD/Fs formation from dioxin precursors by calcium oxide

et al. 2005

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“…1,4-dichloro-2-phenoxybenzene), PCPPs (species 2, e.g. 2-phenyl-2 0 ,5,5 0 -trichlorophenol), PCBs (species 1) and polychlorophenols (species 4) were the important precursors in the formation of PCDD/Fs (Sommeling et al, 1994;Tuppurainen et al, 1998). As seen in Fig.…”

Section: Occurrence and Distribution Of Pcbs In The Process Of P-dcbmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…They concluded that polychlorinated dihydroxybiphenyls and ortho-phenoxyphenols were the key intermediates in the formation of PCDFs from chlorophenols. It should be emphasized, however, that the reaction pathway involving condensation of chlorophenols via dioxaspiro intermediates mainly leaded to the formation of PCDDs (Tuppurainen et al, 1998(Tuppurainen et al, , 2000, while PCDFs are probably involved other precursors such as polychlorinated biphenylethers (PCBEs) and polychlorinated phenylphenols (PCPPs). Qualitative analysis of some compounds was performed to further study the pathway of PCDD/Fs formation.…”

Section: Occurrence and Distribution Of Pcbs In The Process Of P-dcbmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in the process of production of 1,4-dichlorobenzene

et al. 2004

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The occurrence and distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in a typical process of production of 1,4-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB) were investigated systematically in this study. P 5 CDFs and H 6 CDFs were the main congeners of PCDD/Fs, while only low levels of other PCDD/Fs were detected in the samples. The concentrations of PCBs were up to 4614 ng/g in the semi-manufactured products, and 1797 ng/g in the product p-DCB. It was also found that high chlorinated PCB congeners increased with the further chlorination. The levels of PCDD/Fs decreased obviously in the purification process, while PCBs could not be removed effectively. Polychlorophenols and other important dioxin precursors (1,4-dichloro-2-phenoxybenzene and 2-phenyl-2 0 ,5,5 0 -trichlorophenol) were also analyzed. Polychlorophenols which ortho-and parapositions of the hydroxyl were substituted by chlorine were the main congeners. In addition, a possible pathway of the formation of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in the production of p-DCB was presented. The results of this article suggest that re-estimation on the risk of using p-DCB products, especially the products for daily use such as mothballs, is expected.

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“…The mechanisms of PCDD/Fs formation in MSWI have been elucidated as the following three paths: (i) high-temperature pyrosynthesis, (ii) low-temperature de novo synthesis, (iii) formation from different organic precursors such as chlorophenols, chlorobenzenes, etc., and PCDD/Fs formation from (iii) is 10 2 -10 5 times faster than from (ii) (Addink and Olie, 1995;Tuppurainen et al, 1998;McKay, 2002;Stanmore, 2004). Model studies also showed that PCDD/ Fs formation from precursors is likely the predominance of the two proposed pathways (ii) and (iii) (Dickson et al, 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Influence of metal oxides on PCDD/Fs formation from pentachlorophenol

et al. 2005

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The total suppressing efficiencies of several metal oxides including CaO, BaO, PbO, Ag 2 O, HgO and SnO which have lower Z/r (charge to radius ratio) <2 are all over 90%. The theories of generalized acid-base and atomic parameter (Z/r) were used to speculate the effecting mechanisms. The factors including time and temperature on suppressing efficiencies of CaO, BaO and PbO have also been studied in the present paper. The results showed that the total suppressing efficiencies of CaO, BaO and PbO increase with the increase of heated time and temperature.

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Formation of PCDDs and PCDFs in municipal waste incineration and its inhibition mechanisms: A review

Cited by 308 publications

References 91 publications

Inhibition of PCDD/Fs formation from dioxin precursors by calcium oxide

Inhibition of PCDD/Fs formation from dioxin precursors by calcium oxide

Formation of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in the process of production of 1,4-dichlorobenzene

Influence of metal oxides on PCDD/Fs formation from pentachlorophenol

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