Formation Process of Pionic Atoms and Their Behavior in Material

π−nuclear capture ratio on hydrogen and oxygen in water

“…The nuclear π − capture ratio, or fraction of π − captured on the nucleus of Hydrogen or other element, X, has been measured in various hydrides H m X n [1][2][3] and studied for its dependence on chemical structure [4][5][6][7], and other physical parameters [8,9]. Although these studies have demonstrated that the molecular structure of the compound significantly influences the nuclear π − capture ratio, the detailed understanding of the mechanism of capture of π − , which may include capture into Rydberg pion-molecular orbitals, transition to pion-atomic orbitals, and transfer from Hydrogen atom to other atom, is far from complete [12][13][14].…”