Formulation, Analysis and Validation of Nanosuspensions-Loaded Voriconazole to Enhance Solubility

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to enhance the solubility of voriconazole (VRZ) via loading to nanosuspensions using solvent/anti-solvent technique. The optimisation of independent variables (polymer concentrations) was carried out to achieve the desired particle size and maximise the percentage of entrapment efficiency (EE %) and drug loading (DL %) using design-expert®software. Methods: Design-Expert® software, version 13, was used to design and optimise nanosuspensions-loaded VRZ using 23 factorial designs. Concentrations of polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and poloxamers were selected as independent variables to achieve ideal particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), entrapment efficacy (EE %) and drug loading (DL %). Atomic force microscopy (AFM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and saturated solubility were used to assess the lyophilized nanoparticles. The compatibility between the drug and the polymers was studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Results: The particle size, PDI, EE %, and DL % were in the range of 15.6–145.6 nm, 0.010-0.120, 55.9 %-91.9 %, and 6.68-36.76 %, respectively. The saturated solubility of nanosuspensions-loaded VRZ (NS-VRZ) relative to free VRZ was increased tenfold in DW and twelvefold in PBS (pH 7.4). DSC thermogram confirmed the incorporation of VRZ in the nanosuspensions. The AFM of NS-VRZ validated spherical tiny particle size with a smooth surface. There is no chemical interaction between VRZ and the polymers, according to an FTIR investigation. Conclusion: The solubility of VRZ was successfully enhanced by loading to nanosuspensions. The solvent/anti-solvent technique was proven to be cost-effective, easy to operate and suitable for the preparation of NS-VRZ using Design-Expert®software.