Formulation and evaluation of antidandruff shampoo using mannosylerythritol lipid (MEL) as a bio-surfactant

Abstract

Dandruff is a dermatological, harmless, non-inflammatory, chronic scalp condition caused by Malassezia species and recognisable by the white flakes of dead skin in the hair. Mannosylerythritol lipids (MEL) are non-ionic glycolipid surfactants (biosurfactants) with excellent surface-active properties. Their skin compatibility, biocompatibility, biodegradability and remarkable antimicrobial properties make them a potential alternative to conventional surfactants. In the current study, an anti-dandruff shampoo was formulated with different concentrations of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and MEL as surfactants. Two anti-dandruff agents, salicylic acid and benzoic acid, were used. The other ingredients used were xanthan gum, sodium EDTA, urea, Tween 80 and distilled water. The various physicochemical parameters evaluated were colour, clarity, odour, texture, pH, skin irritation, percentage of solid content, dispersibility for dirt, foam formation and foam stability, critical micelle concentration, washability, surface tension, visual stability and antimicrobial test using recommended procedures. The pH ranged from 5.15 to 6.5, the physical appearance was golden yellow, the solids content ranged from 25.1% to 28%, surface tension ranged from 30.64 mN m−1 to 38.00 mN m−1, CMC concentration ranged from 30.14 g/L to 30.16 g/L and foam value ranged from 190 mL to 105 mL. Antimicrobial activity was determined with Staphylococcus aureus (DSM 3463) and Malassezia furfur (ATCC14521). The zone of inhibition ranged from 10 mm to 17 mm (S. aureus) and 14.5 mm to 24 mm (M. furfur), respectively. The shampoo formulated with MEL only (formulation C) showed lower foaming and anti-dandruff activity than the synthetic shampoo (formulation A). However, the anti-dandruff activity increased when MEL was used in combination with SLS (formulation B). This shows that the antimicrobial properties of MEL and SLS together with other antimicrobial agents such as salicylic acid and benzoic acid enhance the properties of the shampoo. SLS can be completely replaced by a combination with biosurfactants to reduce the use of chemical surfactants and improve the anti-dandruff properties.

Stability and Cleansing Function Enhancement of Organic Shampoo by a Vortex Fluidic Device

“…While all samples were homogeneous at the beginning, the original sample was not only fully separated into 2 layers but also with a color change from white to yellow. This shows the poor stability of the original sample, characterized by oil oxidation occurring over the storage period. , The shelf life of conventional shampoo range from 2 to 4 years. , In contrast, organic shampoos exhibit a lower stability compared to conventional shampoos due to their natural ingredients and absence of preservatives. , Organic shampoo contains a higher proportion of natural or plant-based ingredients compared to synthetic or chemical-based ingredients found in conventional shampoos. Natural ingredients can be more prone to degradation, spoilage, or changes in texture and appearance over time, leading to reduced stability. , …”

“…This shows the poor stability of the original sample, characterized by oil oxidation occurring over the storage period. , The shelf life of conventional shampoo range from 2 to 4 years. , In contrast, organic shampoos exhibit a lower stability compared to conventional shampoos due to their natural ingredients and absence of preservatives. , Organic shampoo contains a higher proportion of natural or plant-based ingredients compared to synthetic or chemical-based ingredients found in conventional shampoos. Natural ingredients can be more prone to degradation, spoilage, or changes in texture and appearance over time, leading to reduced stability. , …”

“…Natural ingredients can be more prone to degradation, spoilage, or changes in texture and appearance over time, leading to reduced stability. 27,28 However, samples subjected to VFD treatment demonstrated improved qualities after 30 days of storage. Although the sample with VFD treatment at 7750 rpm was still separated into two layers of composition with different density, its white color was unchanged after 30 days of storage time, which shows that its oil is well-preserved without oxidation.…”

Green Surfactants (Biosurfactants): A Petroleum-Free Substitute for Sustainability─Comparison, Applications, Market, and Future Prospects

“…These biosurfactants are characterized by mannose and erythritol linked to a fatty acid and are further classified based on the length of the hydrophobic fatty acid, degree of saturation, and degree of acetylation (mono-, di-, or triacetylated). They are primarily used in the formulation of beauty and personal care products. − …”

Microbial Biosurfactant as an Alternate to Chemical Surfactants for Application in Cosmetics Industries in Personal and Skin Care Products: A Critical Review

“…To address this issue, microbial origin biosurfactants have been developed as an alternative to chemical surfactants, with the added benefit of effective skin moisturization and compatibility as a skin applicant [ 20 , 22 , 31 ]. In a recent study, Mawani et al [ 147 ] formulated an antidandruff shampoo using a combination of biosurfactants called mannosylerythritol lipids (MEL) and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), along with antidandruff agents salicylic acid and benzoic acid. The shampoo's physicochemical parameters were evaluated, and it showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Malassezia furfur .…”