Formulation and In-Vitro Characterization of pH-Responsive Semi-Interpenetrating Polymer Network Hydrogels for Controlled Release of Ketorolac Tromethamine

Abstract

Ketorolac tromethamine is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used in the management of severe pain. The half-life of Ketorolac tromethamine is within the range of 2.5–4 h. Hence, repeated doses of Ketorolac tromethamine are needed in a day to maintain the therapeutic level. However, taking several doses of Ketorolac tromethamine in a day generates certain complications, such as acute renal failure and gastrointestinal ulceration. Therefore, a polymeric-controlled drug delivery system is needed that could prolong the release of Ketorolac tromethamine. Therefore, in the current study, pH-responsive carbopol 934/sodium polystyrene sulfonate-co-poly(acrylic acid) (CP/SpScPAA) hydrogels were developed by the free radical polymerization technique for the controlled release of Ketorolac tromethamine. Monomer acrylic acid was crosslinked with the polymers carbopol 934 and sodium polystyrene sulfonate by the cross-linker N′,N′-methylene bisacrylamide. Various studies were conducted to evaluate and assess the various parameters of the fabricated hydrogels. The compatibility of the constituents used in the preparation of hydrogels was confirmed by FTIR analysis, whereas the thermal stability of the unreacted polymers and developed hydrogels was analyzed by TGA and DSC, respectively. A smooth and porous surface was indicated by SEM. The crystallinity of carbopol 934, sodium polystyrene sulfonate, and the prepared hydrogels was evaluated by PXRD, which revealed a reduction in the crystallinity of reactants for the developed hydrogels. The pH sensitivity of the polymeric hydrogel networks was confirmed by dynamic swelling and in vitro release studies with two different pH media i.e., pH 1.2 and 7.4, respectively. Maximum swelling was exhibited at pH 7.4 compared to pH 1.2 and, likewise, a greater percent drug release was perceived at pH 7.4. Conclusively, we can demonstrate that the developed pH-sensitive hydrogel network could be employed as a suitable carrier for the controlled delivery of Ketorolac tromethamine.

Synthesis of Gallic Acid-Loaded Chitosan-Grafted-2-Acrylamido-2-Methylpropane Sulfonic Acid Hydrogels for Oral Controlled Drug Delivery: In Vitro Biodegradation, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Effects

“…Disc thickness and diameter were also measured. Porosity was calculated using the following equation [ 51 ]: where ρ is the density of absolute ethanol, A1 is the dry hydrogel weight, A2 is the weight of the disc after removal from ethanol, and V represents the volume of the hydrogel following swelling.…”

Compression-coated pulsatile chronomodulated therapeutic system: QbD assisted optimization

“…Ahmed A H Abdellatif et al., formulated cyclodextrin/adamantane-grafted polyethylene glycol-based self-assembling constructs for topical delivery of ketorolac tromethamine (Abdellatif et al., 2022 ). Yet another sustained and controlled systems of KT have been formulated into nanofibrils graft and polymer network hydrogels (Orasugh et al., 2019 ; Suhail et al., 2021 ). Priya Shahi et al., attempted to release KT chrono therapeutically by formulating microspheres and tablet in capsule system (Shahi et al., 2015 ).…”

Preparation of poly(acrylic acid)/linseed mucilage/chitosan hydrogel for ketorolac release

“…Suhail et al 13 observed similar results for ketorolac release from carbopol 934/sodium poly(styrene sulfonateco-AAc) hydrogel. They explained that faster ketorolac release at neutral and alkaline pH is due to the deprotonation of the functional groups of hydrogel components.…”

“…In the special case of ketorolac, different polymeric matrixes have been used for absorption/release studies. [10][11][12] Suhail et al 13 synthesized composite hydrogels based on carbopol 934/sodium poly(styrene sulfonate-co-AAc), which was used for ketorolac absorption/release studies. They demonstrated that composite was pH sensitive by dynamic swelling and in vitro release studies at acidic and neutral pH (1.2 and 7.4, respectively), and that maximum swelling and higher ketorolac release was observed at pH 7.4.…”