Formulation Concepts for the Emulsion Maker

Nielloud, F.; Marti‐Mestres, Gilberte; Salager, Jean‐Louis

doi:10.1201/b14005-3

Cited by 74 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…It has to be pointed out that this relationship was inspired by the HLB scale used for surfactant mixtures. 31 Furthermore, there is no evidence that this relationship is true as applied to surfactant blends, since the various interactions in play are not considered. However, this oversimplified view may be sufficient to justify the different locations (representative point) of the stable polymer emulsion within the formulation-composition map.…”

Section: Surfactant Blend Composition and Its Influence To Optimum Ebmentioning

confidence: 96%

Phase inversion of polyacrylamide based inverse‐emulsions: Effect of the surfactant and monomer on postinversion equilibrium properties

Armanet¹,

Hunkeler²

2007

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The influence of the interfacial chemistry on the phase inversion of polymerized water-in-oil emulsions has been investigated. For copolymerizations of acrylamide with cationic monomers, the effect of substituting of fatty acid esters and ethoxylated fatty acid esters with ABA block type stabilizers, on the kinetics and extent of phase inversion, were examined. It was determined that the solution viscosity was a valid metric to identify the mechanism by which inversion occurs, while conductivity provided a means to quantify inversion efficiency, Therefore, the interfacial chemistry was found to influence not only the plateau value of the viscosity of the polymer solution but also its kinetics. The most suitable inversion was observed with a polymer emulsion stabilized with low block copolymer stabilizer levels in the blend (8 wt %), relative to traditional fatty acid esters and ethoxylated fatty acid esters. This provided an ultimate solution viscosity 30% higher than for a polymer synthesized under identical conditions though with higher levels of the ABA block stabilizer. Overall, the optimal formulation (8% ABA) was found to liberate 88% of the latent viscosity. Given that the options in regards to inverting surfactants can be, legislatively, limited, the present work makes a case for the selection of the interfacial composition not only for its stability during reaction, and the molecular weight of the synthesized polymer, but also for the extent and rapidity of inversion. The formulation-composition map approach provided an understanding of phase inversion applied to polymer emulsion and was a useful fingerprint to qualitatively describe the catastrophic mechanism of inversion. The surfactant affinity difference applied to a blend of surfactant was found to be a convenient formulation parameter which allowed us to locate the representative point on the map of the polymer emulsion stabilized with different surfactant blend composition.

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Section: Surfactant Blend Composition and Its Influence To Optimum Ebmentioning

confidence: 96%

Phase inversion of polyacrylamide based inverse‐emulsions: Effect of the surfactant and monomer on postinversion equilibrium properties

Armanet¹,

Hunkeler²

2007

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…The formulation variable scale is such that the hydrophilicity increases from top to bottom and the stair like bold line is the standard inversion frontier. This line separates the regions in which O/W and W/O emulsions are formed as the result of the stirring of an equilibrate surfactant-oil-water system (Salager, 2000b;Salager et al, 1983). The crossing over through the inversion frontier represents a dynamic phase inversion, since the curvature of the liquid-liquid interface swaps its bending from one way to the other.…”

Section: Nanoparticles By Near-pit Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Energy Emulsification Methods for Nanoparticles Synthesis

Sadtler¹,

Galindo-Alvarez²,

Bégué³

2012

The Delivery of Nanoparticles

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“…Therefore, suitable analytical procedures are required to assess these characteristics -being microscopy and laser diffraction techniques the most broadly applied (Salager, 2000;Aulton, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particle size and morphological characterization of cosmetic emulsified systems by Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)

Prestes

Peres

Freitas

et al. 2016

Braz. J. Pharm. Sci.

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The physicochemical attributes of emulsified systems are influenced by the characteristics of their internal phase droplets (concentration, size and morphology), which can be modified not only by the formulation components, but also by the analytical methodology employed. Thus, the aim of this work involved the physicochemical characterization of cosmetic emulsions obtained from different surfactants, as well as the introduction of the optical coherence tomography (OCT) as the analytical technique employed for the morphological characterization and particle size determination of the formulations. Three emulsions were prepared, differing at the type and concentration of the surfactant used, and their droplet sizes were evaluated through optical microscopy, laser diffraction and OCT. The microscopic analysis and the laser diffraction techniques provided an average particle size minor than 6.0 µm, not detected by the OCT technique, which could identify only bigger particles of the emulsified systems' internal phase. The results testify that OCT was suitable for the morphological characterization of cosmetic emulsions; however, the technique needs to be improved to ensure a better sensitivity in the analysis of smaller particles.Uniterms: Cosmetic emulsions/physicochemical characterization. Surfactants. Optical coherence tomography/morphological characterization. Optical microscopy/morphological characterization. Laser diffraction/morphological characterization.Os atributos físico-químicos de sistemas emulsionados são influenciados pelas características de suas gotículas de fase interna (concentração, tamanho e morfologia), as quais podem ser modificadas não apenas pelos componentes da formulação, mas também pela metodologia analítica empregada. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho envolveu a caracterização físico-química de emulsões cosméticas obtidas a partir de diferentes tensoativos, bem como a introdução da tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT) como a técnica analítica utilizada para a caracterização morfológica e determinação do tamanho de partícula das formulações. Três emulsões foram preparadas, diferindo no tipo e concentração do tensoativo empregado, e seus tamanhos de gotícula foram avaliados por meio das técnicas de microscopia óptica, difração a laser e OCT. As técnicas de microscopia óptica e difração a laser forneceram tamanhos de partícula médios menores de 6.0 µm, não detectados pela técnica de OCT, que permitiu apenas a identificação de partículas maiores pertencentes à fase interna dos sistemas emulsionados. Os resultados reforçam a introdução da OCT como metodologia promissora para a caracterização morfológica de emulsões cosméticas; no entanto, a técnica requer aprimoramento para garantir maior sensibilidade na análise de partículas de menor tamanho.Unitermos: Emulsões cosméticas/caracterização físico-química. Tensoativos. Tomografia de coerência óptica/caracterização morfológica. Microscopia óptica/ caracterização morfológica. Difração a laser/ caracterização morfológica.

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Formulation Concepts for the Emulsion Maker

Cited by 74 publications

References 59 publications

Phase inversion of polyacrylamide based inverse‐emulsions: Effect of the surfactant and monomer on postinversion equilibrium properties

Phase inversion of polyacrylamide based inverse‐emulsions: Effect of the surfactant and monomer on postinversion equilibrium properties

Low Energy Emulsification Methods for Nanoparticles Synthesis

Particle size and morphological characterization of cosmetic emulsified systems by Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)

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