Formulation des microémulsions par la méthode du HLD

Salager, Jean‐Louis; Antón, Raquel; Andérez, José María; Aubry, Jean‐Marie

doi:10.51257/a-v1-j2157

Cited by 53 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…(2) for nonionic surfactants where S is the salinity of the aqueous phase, for instance, in %wt NaCl, and ACN the number of carbon atoms in an n-alkane oil phase. The K term value was found to considerably depend on the surfactant head group, e.g., 0.16 for alkyl benzene sulfonates, 0.10 for alkyl sulfates or carboxylates, 0.05 for some alkyl polypropoxy sulfate extended surfactants following equation ( 1), and 1.15 for alkyl ethoxylates following equation (2), as indicated elsewhere [2,38,67,136]. The Δ indicates the corresponding changes of the two variables to compensate each other and return to optimum formulation (B).…”

Section: The Normalized Hydrophilic-lipophilic Deviation (Hldn) As a ...mentioning

confidence: 73%

“…It is the case of nonequilibrium phenomena, including hysteresis, and although they are currently used in practice, they are sometimes difficult to explain and, eventually, contrary to elementary logic. In any case, formulation is intended to obtain a product (usually commercial) with a well-defined objective, and capable of satisfying a list of diverse requirements that imply, in many cases, a multidisciplinary collaboration [1,37,38].…”

Section: Definition Of Formulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the particular case of micro-heterogeneous systems, the knowledge attained after many years of research has allowed understanding better the systems' behavior, leading to predictive tools' development that permits ingredient selection to achieve products for specific needs. This has been done by introducing scientific-technical tools in the practical use of surfactant-water-oil systems such as the well-known numerical concept HLD (Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Deviation) and its normalized form HLDN, much more helpful than the previously presented HLB concept [2,38,62,[65][66][67].…”

Section: What Is Formulating?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This happened especially with a more detailed definition as EPACNUS for "extrapolated PACN at unit salinity and no-alcohol" in the original publications of a multivariable correlation for the optimum formulation. It was also called σ/KA for ionic and β/KA for nonionics in the literature [38,103,104], including a comprehensive recent review [62,156]. The SCPref reference term was always taken as zero to avoid confusion.…”

Section: The Normalized Hydrophilic-lipophilic Deviation (Hldn) As a ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Formulation in Surfactant Systems: From-Winsor-to-HLDN

Salager¹,

Márquez²,

Bullón³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Formulation is an ancient concept, although the word has been used only recently. The first formulations made our civilization advance by inventing bronze, steel, and gunpowder; then, it was used in medieval alchemy. When chemistry became a science and with the golden age of organic synthesis, the second formulation period began. This made it possible to create new chemical species and new combinations “à la carte.” However, the research and developments were still carried out by trial and error. Finally, the third period of formulation history began after World War II, when the properties of a system were associated with its ingredients and the way they were assembled or combined. Therefore, the formulation and the systems’ phenomenology were related to the generation of some synergy to obtain a commercial product. Winsor’s formulation studies in the 1950s were enlightening for academy and industries that were studying empirically surfactant-oil-water (SOW) systems. One of its key characteristics was how the interfacial interaction of the adsorbed surfactant with oil and water phases could be equal by varying the physicochemical formulation of the system. Then, Hansen’s solubility parameter in the 1960s helped to reach a further understanding of the affinity of some substances to make them suitable to oil and water phases. In the 1970s, researchers such as Shinoda and Kunieda, and different groups working in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), among them Schechter and Wade’s group at the University of Texas, made formulation become a science by using semiquantitative correlations to attain specific characteristics in a system (e.g., low oil-water interfacial tension, formulation of a stable O/W or W/O emulsion, or high-performance solubilization in a bicontinuous microemulsion system at the so-called optimum formulation). Nowadays, over 40 years of studies with the hydrophilic-lipophilic deviation equation (HLD) have made it feasible for formulators to improve products in many different applications using surfactants to attain a target system using HLD in its original or its normalized form, i.e., HLDN. Thus, it can be said that there is still current progress being made towards an interdisciplinary applied science with numerical guidelines. In the present work, the state-of-the-art of formulation in multiphase systems containing two immiscible phases like oil and water, and therefore systems with heterogeneous or micro-heterogeneous interfaces, is discussed. Surfactants, from simple to complex or polymeric, are generally present in such systems to solve a wide variety of problems in many areas. Some significant cases are presented here as examples dealing with petroleum, foods, pharmaceutics, cosmetics, detergency, and other products occurring as dispersions, emulsions, or foams, that we find in our everyday lives.

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Section: The Normalized Hydrophilic-lipophilic Deviation (Hldn) As a ...mentioning

confidence: 73%

Section: Definition Of Formulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: What Is Formulating?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Normalized Hydrophilic-lipophilic Deviation (Hldn) As a ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Formulation in Surfactant Systems: From-Winsor-to-HLDN

Salager¹,

Márquez²,

Bullón³

et al. 2022

Preprint

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…If the surfactant concentration is even higher, the volume of the middle phase can span the entire volume of the system (no excess aqueous or oil phase), producing a type IV μE. 29,30 Surfactants are known to adsorb on surfaces, forming aggregates with a structure that depends on the substrate, surfactant structure, bulk concentration, pH, electrolytes, and temperature. 16,31−38 Milne and colleagues 39 proposed a model, based on adsorption isotherms, for the wetting behavior of drops of aqueous surfactant solutions laid on surfaces exposed to air as a function of the surfactant concentration.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solid–Liquid–Liquid Wettability of Surfactant–Oil–Water Systems and Its Prediction around the Phase Inversion Point

Stammitti-Scarpone

Acosta

2019

Langmuir

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Surfactant–oil–water (SOW) systems are important for numerous applications, including hard surface cleaning, detergency, and enhanced oil-recovery applications. There is limited literature on the wettability of solid–liquid–liquid (SLL) systems around the surfactant phase inversion point (PIP), and the few references that exist point to wettability inversion accompanying the microemulsion (μE) phase inversion. Despite the significance of this phenomenon and the extreme changes in contact angles, there are no models to predict SLL wettability as a function of proximity to the PIP. Recent works on SLL wettability in surfactant-free systems suggest that SLL contact angles can be predicted with an extension of Neumann’s equation of state (e-EQS) if the interfacial tension (IFT or γo–w) is known and if there is a good estimate for the interfacial energy between the wetting phase and the surface (γS–wetting liquid). In this work, IFT predictions for SOW systems around the PIP were obtained via the combined hydrophilic–lipophilic difference (HLD) and net-average-curvature (NAC) framework. To test the hypothesis that the combined HLD–NAC + e-EQS can predict wettability inversion around the PIP, with a given γS−μE, the contact angles (measured through the light oil phase, θO) for the μE of sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate–toluene–saline water system were measured on high surface free energy (SFE) materials (glass, stainless steel, and mica) and on polytetrafluoroethylene (low SFE) around the PIP. Considering that at the PIP, most systems have a contact angle of 90°, an estimated γS−μE = 1/4γo–w@PIP was found to be suitable for the systems considered in this work and for systems presented in the literature. The largest deviations between the predictions and the experimental values were found in the positive HLD range (surfactant in the light oil phase). Although there is room for improvement, this framework can estimate the wetting behavior of SOW systems starting solely from formulation parameters.

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Dimensional analysis of a novel low‐pressure device for the production of size‐tunable nanoemulsions

et al. 2014

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A novel low pressure device was used to generate nanoemulsions of methyl methacrylate. This device is based on a strong elongational flow known to be more efficient than the shear flow for dispersive mixing. The influence of process parameters (pressure drop number of cycles, number and size of holes) and composition parameters (monomer fraction, surfactant concentration, etc) on droplet size has shown that the average droplet size can be tailored in the range 30-200 nm by adjusting these parameters. The objective of the present paper is to find correlations that relate the obtained droplet size to the studied process and composition parameters. This model is based on a dimensional analysis using the Buckingham theorem in order to determine appropriate dimensionless numbers. This approach represents a first step for scaling up the device besides giving a set of parameters allowing to achieve a given droplet size. V C 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] 2015

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Formulation des microémulsions par la méthode du HLD

Cited by 53 publications

References 14 publications

Formulation in Surfactant Systems: From-Winsor-to-HLDN

Formulation in Surfactant Systems: From-Winsor-to-HLDN

Solid–Liquid–Liquid Wettability of Surfactant–Oil–Water Systems and Its Prediction around the Phase Inversion Point

Dimensional analysis of a novel low‐pressure device for the production of size‐tunable nanoemulsions

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