Formulation, Optimization, and Evaluation of Oregano Oil Nanoemulsions for the Treatment of Infections Due to Oral Microbiota

Abstract

Introduction Natural oil-based nanoemulsions (NEs) have been widely investigated in many diseases that affect the oral cavity. NEs are delivery systems that enhance the solubility of lipid therapeutics and improve their delivery to target sites; they are known as self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDSs). The current investigation’s aim was to produce an oregano essential oil-based nanoemulsion (OEO-SNEDD) that would have antibacterial and antifungal effects against oral microbiota and improve oral health. Methods Several OEO-SNEDDSs were developed using different percentages of OEO (10%, 14%, and 18%), percentages of a surfactant mixture Pluracare L64:Lauroglycol FCC (18%, 32%, and 36%), S mix ratios (1:2, 1:1, and 2:1), and hydrophilic-lipophilic balances (HLBs) of the surfactant mixture (8, 10, and 12) using the Box‒Behnken design. The optimized concentration of excipients was determined using a pseudoternary phase diagram to obtain the NEs. The formulations were evaluated for their droplet size, stability index, and antibacterial and antifungal activities. Results The NEs had a droplet size of 150 to 500 nm and stability index of 47% to 95%, and the produced formulation reached antibacterial and antifungal inhibition zones of up to 19 and 17 mm, respectively. The Box‒Behnken design was adopted to get the optimum formulation, which was 18% OEO, 36% S mix , 10.29 HLB of S mix , and a 1.25:1 S mix ratio. The optimized formulation had a lower ulcer index compared with various other formulations evaluated in rats. Conclusion This study illustrated that OEO-SNEDDSs can provide good protection against oral microbial infections.

Repurposing Lovastatin Cytotoxicity against the Tongue Carcinoma HSC3 Cell Line Using a Eucalyptus Oil-Based Nanoemulgel Carrier

“…After these cycles, the final samples were analyzed for droplet size. The samples’ stability indexes were determined by comparing the obtained droplet size with that in initial measurements, using the following equation [ 31 ]: …”

“…enzymatic degradation, (3) promoting drug loading, solubility, and pharmacokinetic features, (4) diminishing interpatient and intrapatient variations, and (5) controlling the release of studied drugs [30,31].…”

“…NEs have several traits not found in classic emulsions that make them exemplary candidates for drug delivery. Such merits include (1) delivering a drug to a target site with reasonable precision due to a minute droplet size, which can affect a large surface area, (2) protecting active agents from hydrolysis or enzymatic degradation, (3) promoting drug loading, solubility, and pharmacokinetic features, (4) diminishing interpatient and intrapatient variations, and (5) controlling the release of studied drugs [30,31].…”

Molecular Mapping of Antifungal Mechanisms Accessing Biomaterials and New Agents to Target Oral Candidiasis

“…Following the antifungal activity evaluation, it was observed that the inhibition area was correlated with the increase in oil and surfactant content. Maximum antifungal activity was predicted when oregano oil was settled at 18% and the surfactant mixture of Pluracare and Lauroglyocl FCC (1.25:1) was settled at 36% [ 149 ]. Thymol and carvacrol are phenolic components of the essential oil, responsible for enzymatic degradation in the fungi structure.…”

Combined Curcumin and Lansoprazole-Loaded Bioactive Solid Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (Bio-SSNEDDS)

“…Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) using bioactive lipid compounds have recently attracted attention as delivery systems to provide synergistic benefits and improve the oral bioavailability and/or biological activity of lipophilic drugs [25][26][27][28]. The demand for natural formulation active/inactive ingredients has emerged due to the increased risk of side effects posed by the synthetic compounds.…”